# Samba (简体中文)

相关文章

- Samba/Tips and tricks
- NFS
- Samba Domain Controller
- Active Directory Integration

Samba 是 SMB/CIFS 网络协议的重新实现, 它作为 NFS 的补充使得在 Linux 和 Windows 系统中进行文件共享、打印机共享更容易实现。一些用户说Samba配置简单，操作直观。然而，许多新用户会因为它的复杂性和非直观的机制而遇到问题。强烈建议新用户仔细按照下面的指导。

## 服务配置

如果只是访问文件,而不需要共享文件,仅 安装 smbclient 程序就足够了.

    # pacman -S smbclient

如果想要使用 Samba 共享您的文件,还需额外 安装 samba 包( 这将同时安装客户端 ):

    # pacman -S samba

Samba 服务的默认配置文件在 `/etc/samba/smb.conf.default` 中，你可以将初始配置复制到 `/etc/samba/smb.conf` 中：

    # cp /etc/samba/smb.conf.default /etc/samba/smb.conf

Tip: 运行 `testparm` 检查 samba 的配置文件是否合法。

### 建立共享

编辑 `/etc/samba/smb.conf` ，滚动到 Share Definitions 部分，默认的配置文件会为所有用户在 HOME 目录建立一个共享文件夹和打印机。同时，它也包含一些不错的示例配置。更多的可用选项可以通过 `man smb.conf` 查询，在此处 Here 是在线版本。

如果需要共享给 Windows，需要在 `smb.conf` 添加 Windows Workgroup （Windows 系统的工作组默认名称是： WORKGROUP）。

### 启动服务

为了能够用 SMB 使用最基本的文件共享服务，start/enable `smbd.service` 和 `nmbd.service` 服务。 查看 smbd 和 nmbd 的 man 手册查看更多信息。

Tip: Instead of having the service running since boot, you can enable `smbd.socket` so the daemon is started on the first incoming connection. Don't forget to disable `smbd.service`.

### 建立 Usershare 路径

Note: 此为高阶选项，如无需要可以跳过。

"Usershare" 为那些不具有 root 权限的用户提供了可以添加、修改和删除属于他们自己的文件夹的功能。

以下操作将会在 `/var/lib/samba` 添加 usershares 目录：

    # mkdir -p /var/lib/samba/usershare

以下操作将会建立 sambashare 用户组：

    # groupadd sambashare

以下操作将会将刚刚建立的文件夹的权限：拥有者更改为 root，群组更改为 sambashare：

    # chown root:sambashare /var/lib/samba/usershare

以下的操作将会让 sambashare 群组中的用户拥有读取，写入和执行此文件夹中内容的权限：

    # chmod 1770 /var/lib/samba/usershare

修改 `smb.conf` 配置文件中的以下变量：

    /etc/samba/smb.conf

    ...
    [global]
      usershare path = /var/lib/samba/usershare
      usershare max shares = 100
      usershare allow guests = yes
      usershare owner only = yes
      ...

以下操作将会将用户添加到群组 sambashare 中。其中，替换 `your_username` 为实际的用户名：

    # usermod -a -G sambashare your_username

重启 `smbd` 和 `nmbd` 服务。

注销后重新登陆，此时您应该就可以使用 GUI 程序配置您的 samba 共享服务了。例如，在 Thunar 中您可以右键点击任何一个文件夹将它在局域网中共享。如果你想共享自己主目录内的路径，需要主目录的内容让其它用户可以列出。

### 添加用户

Create a Linux user account for samba user. Substitute `samba_user` with preferred name if desired:

    # useradd samba_user

Then create a Samba user account with the same name:

    # pdbedit -a -u samba_user

### 更改 samba 用户的密码

To change a user's password, use `smbpasswd`:

    # smbpasswd samba_user

### 端口设置

If you're using a firewall; don't forget to open required ports (usually 137-139 + 445). For a complete list please check Samba port usage.

## 客户端配置

如果想要从 Samba/SMB/CIFS 服务器中读取文件，仅需要安装 smbclient。此安装包可以直接从官方源取得。

Shared resources from other computers on the LAN may be accessed and mounted locally by GUI or CLI methods. Depending on the desktop environment, GUI methods may not be available. See also #File_manager_configuration for use with a file manager.

There are two parts in sharing access. The first is the underlying file system mechanism, which some environments have built in. The second is the interface which allows the user to mount shared resources.

Note:

- After installing cifs-utils or smbclient, you must restart or modprobe cifs
- Otherwise mount fails with "cifs filesystem not supported by the system"

### Manual mounting

For a lighter approach without support for listing public shares, only install cifs-utils to provide `/usr/bin/mount.cifs`.

To list public shares on a server:

    $ smbclient -L hostname -U%

Create a mount point for the share:

    # mkdir /mnt/mountpoint

Mount the share using the `mount.cifs` type. Not all the options listed below are needed or desirable (ie. `password`).

    # mount -t cifs //SERVER/sharename /mnt/mountpoint -o user=username,password=password,workgroup=workgroup,ip=serverip

Note: If you get the output "mount error(13): Permission denied", this might be due to a bug in mount.cifs. See the following bug report. https://bugs.archlinux.org/task/43015#comment130771 Try specifying the option "sec=ntlmv2" to work around it.

SERVER

  The Windows system name.

sharename

  The shared directory.

mountpoint

  The local directory where the share will be mounted.

`-o [options]`

  See `man mount.cifs` for more information.

Note:

- Abstain from using a trailing `/`. `//SERVER/sharename/` will not work.
- If your mount does not work stable, stutters or freezes, try to enable different SMB protocol version with `vers=` option. For example, `vers=2.0` for Windows Vista mount.

#### Add Share to /etc/fstab

The simplest way to add an fstab entry is something like this:

    /etc/fstab

    //SERVER/sharename /mnt/mountpoint cifs username=username,password=password 0 0

However, storing passwords in a world readable file is not recommended! A safer method would be to use a credentials file. As an example, create a file and `chmod 600 filename` so only the owning user can read and write to it. It should contain the following information:

    /path/to/credentials/sambacreds

    username=username
    password=password

and the line in your fstab should look something like this:

    /etc/fstab

    //SERVER/SHARENAME /mnt/mountpoint cifs credentials=/path/to/credentials/sambacreds 0 0

If using systemd (modern installations), one can utilize the `x-systemd.automount` option, which speeds up service boot by a few seconds. Also, one can map current user and group to make life a bit easier, utilizing `uid` and `gid` options.

Warning: Using the `uid` and `gid` options may cause input ouput errors in programs that try to fetch data from network drives.

    /etc/fstab

    //SERVER/SHARENAME /mnt/mountpoint cifs credentials=/path/to/smbcredentials,x-systemd.automount,uid=username,gid=usergroup 0 0

Note: Space in sharename should be replaced by `\040` (ASCII code for space in octal). For example, `//SERVER/share name` on the command line should be `//SERVER/share\040name` in `/etc/fstab`.

#### User mounting

    /etc/fstab

    //SERVER/SHARENAME /mnt/mountpoint cifs users,credentials=/path/to/smbcredentials,workgroup=workgroup,ip=serverip 0 0

Note: The option is users (plural). For other filesystem types handled by mount, this option is usually user; sans the "s".

This will allow users to mount it as long as the mount point resides in a directory controllable by the user; i.e. the user's home. For users to be allowed to mount and unmount the Samba shares with mount points that they do not own, use smbnetfs, or grant privileges using sudo.

### WINS host names

The smbclient package provides a driver to resolve host names using WINS. To enable it, add “wins” to the “hosts” line in /etc/nsswitch.conf.

### Automatic mounting

There are several ways to easily browse shared resources:

#### smbnetfs

Note: smbnetfs needs an intact Samba server setup. See above on how to do that.

First, check if you can see all the shares you are interested in mounting:

    $ smbtree -U remote_user

If that does not work, find and modify the following line in `/etc/samba/smb.conf` accordingly:

    domain master = auto

Now restart `smbd.service` and `nmbd.service`.

If everything works as expected, install smbnetfs from the official repositories.

Then, add the following line to `/etc/fuse.conf`:

    user_allow_other

and load the `fuse` kernel module:

    # modprobe fuse

Now copy the directory `/etc/smbnetfs/.smb` to your home directory:

    $ cp -a /etc/smbnetfs/.smb ~

Then create a link to `smb.conf`:

    $ ln -sf /etc/samba/smb.conf ~/.smb/smb.conf

If a username and a password are required to access some of the shared folders, edit `~/.smb/smbnetfs.auth` to include one or more entries like this:

    ~/.smb/smbnetfs.auth

    auth			"hostname" "username" "password"

It is also possible to add entries for specific hosts to be mounted by smbnetfs, if necessary. More details can be found in `~/.smb/smbnetfs.conf`.

If you are using the Dolphin or Nautilus file managers, you may want to the following to `~/.smb/smbnetfs.conf` to avoid "Disk full" errors as smbnetfs by default will report 0 bytes of free space:

    ~/.smb/smbnetfs.conf

    free_space_size 1073741824

When you are done with the configuration, you need to run

    $ chmod 600 ~/.smb/smbnetfs.*

Otherwise, smbnetfs complains about 'insecure config file permissions'.

Finally, to mount your Samba network neighbourhood to a directory of your choice, call

    $ smbnetfs mount_point

##### Daemon

The Arch Linux package also maintains an additional system-wide operation mode for smbnetfs. To enable it, you need to make the said modifications in the directoy `/etc/smbnetfs/.smb`.

Then, you can start and/or enable the `smbnetfs` daemon as usual. The system-wide mount point is at `/mnt/smbnet/`.

#### autofs

查看 Autofs 以获得关于基于内核的 Linux 自动挂载器的相关信息。

### 文件管理器配置

#### GNOME Files, Nemo, Thunar and PCManFM

In order to access samba shares through GNOME Files, Nemo, Thunar or PCManFM, install the gvfs-smb package, available in the official repositories.

Press `Ctrl+l` and enter `smb://servername/share` in the location bar to access your share.

The mounted share is likely to be present at `/run/user/your_UID/gvfs` in the filesystem.

#### KDE

KDE, has the ability to browse Samba shares built in. Therefore do not need any additional packages. However, for a GUI in the KDE System Settings, install the kdenetwork-filesharing package from the official repositories.

If when navigating with Dolphin you get a "Time Out" Error, you should uncomment and edit this line in smb.conf:

    name resolve order = lmhosts bcast host wins

as shown in this page.

#### Other graphical environments

There are a number of useful programs, but they may need to have packages created for them. This can be done with the Arch package build system. The good thing about these others is that they do not require a particular environment to be installed to support them, and so they bring along less baggage.

- pyneighborhood is available in the official repositories.
- LinNeighborhood, RUmba, xffm-samba plugin for Xffm are not available in the official repositories or the AUR. As they are not officially (or even unofficially supported), they may be obsolete and may not work at all.

## See also

- Samba: An Introduction
- Official Samba site

Category:

- Networking (简体中文)