# xinitrc

Related articles

- Display manager
- Start X at login
- Xorg
- xprofile
- Xresources

The `~/.xinitrc` file is a shell script read by `xinit` and by its front-end `startx`. It is mainly used to execute desktop environments, window managers and other programs when starting the X server (e.g., starting daemons and setting environment variables). The `xinit` program starts the X Window System server and works as first client program on systems that are not using a display manager.

One of the main functions of `~/.xinitrc` is to dictate which client for the X Window System is invoked with `startx` or `xinit` programs on a per-user basis. There exists numerous additional specifications and commands that may also be added to `~/.xinitrc` as you further customize your system.

Most DMs also source the similar xprofile before xinit.

## Installation

Install xorg-xinit, which provides both xinit and startx.

## Configuration

If `.xinitrc` is present in a user's home directory, startx and xinit execute it. Otherwise startx will run `/etc/X11/xinit/xinitrc`. This will start a basic environment with Twm, xorg-xclock and Xterm (assuming that the necessary packages are installed). Xinit has its own default behaviour instead of executing the file. See `man 1 xinit` for details. Therefore, to use a different window manager or desktop environment, first create a copy of the default `xinitrc`:

    $ cp /etc/X11/xinit/xinitrc ~/.xinitrc

The reason of doing this (instead of creating one from scratch) is to preserve some desired default behaviour in the original file, such as sourcing shell scripts from `/etc/X11/xinit/xinitrc.d`. Scripts in this directory without `.sh` extension are not sourced: FS#41471. As such, replace `/etc/X11/xinit/xinitrc.d/?*.sh` with `/etc/X11/xinit/xinitrc.d/?*`. [1]

Append desired commands and remove/comment the conflicting lines. Remember, lines following `exec` would be ignored. For example:

    ~/.xinitrc

    ...

    if [ -d /etc/X11/xinit/xinitrc.d ] ; then
        for f in /etc/X11/xinit/xinitrc.d/?* ; do
            [ -x "$f" ] && . "$f"
        done
        unset f
    fi

    # twm &
    # xclock -geometry 50x50-1+1 &
    # xterm -geometry 80x50+494+51 &
    # xterm -geometry 80x20+494-0 &
    # exec xterm -geometry 80x66+0+0 -name login

    xscreensaver &
    xsetroot -cursor_name left_ptr &
    exec openbox-session

Note: At the very least, ensure that the if block in the example above is present in your `.xinitrc` file to ensure that the `/etc/X11/xinit/xinitrc.d/30-dbus.sh` script is sourced. Else, a session instance of D-Bus will not be started.

Long-running programs started before the window manager, such as a screensaver and wallpaper application, must either fork themselves or be run in the background by appending an `&` sign. Otherwise, the script would halt and wait for each program to exit before executing the window manager. Note that some programs should instead not be forked, to avoid race bugs, as is the case of xrdb. Prepending `exec` will replace the script process with the window manager process, so that X does not exit even if this process forks to the background.

To now run Xorg as a regular user, issue:

    $ startx

or

    $ xinit -- :1 -nolisten tcp vt$XDG_VTNR

Your window manager of choice should now start correctly.

To quit X, run your window manager's exit function (assuming it has one). If it lacks such functionality, run:

    $ pkill -15 Xorg

Note: pkill will kill all running X instances. To specifically kill the window manager on the current VT, use:

    WM_PID=$(xprop -id $(xprop -root _NET_SUPPORTING_WM_CHECK \
    | awk -F'#' '{ print $2 }') _NET_WM_PID \
    | awk -F' = ' '{ print $2 }')

    kill -15 $WM_PID

The program `xprop` is provided by the package xorg-xprop in the official repositories.

Note:

- The above commands run Xorg on the same virtual terminal the user is logged in to. [2] This maintains an authenticated session with `logind`, and prevents bypassing the screen locker by switching terminals.
- You have to specify `vt$XDG_VTNR` as command line option for xinit in order to preserve session permissions.
- xinit does not handle multiple sessions when already logged-in into a different virtual terminal. For that you must specify the session by appending `-- :session_no`. If X is already running, then you should start with :1 or more.
- By default, due to permissions on console devices, the X display needs to be on the same tty where the login occurred. This is handled by the default `/etc/X11/xinit/xserverrc`. See General troubleshooting#Session permissions for details.
- If you wish to have the X display on a separate console from the one where the server is invoked, you can do so by using the X server wrapper provided by `/usr/lib/systemd/systemd-multi-seat-x`. For convenience, startx can be set up to use this wrapper by modifying your `~/.xserverrc`.
- If you choose to use xinit instead of startx, you are responsible for passing `-nolisten tcp` and ensuring the session does not break by starting X on a different tty.
- If X terminates with error message "SocketCreateListener() failed", you may need to delete socket files in `/tmp/.X11-unix`. This may happen if you have previously run Xorg as root (e.g. to generate an `xorg.conf`, as below).

## Autostart X at login

Note: These solutions run X on the same tty used to login, which is required in order to maintain the login session.

For Bash, add the following to the bottom of `~/.bash_profile`. If the file does not exist, copy a skeleton version from `/etc/skel/.bash_profile`. For Zsh, add it to `~/.zlogin` (or `~/.zprofile`) instead.

    [[ -z $DISPLAY && $XDG_VTNR -eq 1 ]] && exec startx

Note:

- You can replace the `-eq 1` comparison with one like `-le 3` (for vt1 to vt3) if you want to use graphical logins on more than one VT.
- X must always be run on the same tty where the login occurred, to preserve the logind session. This is handled by the default `/etc/X11/xinit/xserverrc`.
- `xinit` may be faster than `startx`, but needs additional parameter such as `-nolisten tcp`.
- If you would like to remain logged in when the X session ends, remove `exec`.

See also Fish#Start X at login and Systemd/User#Automatic login into Xorg without display manager.

### Automatic login to the virtual console

This method can be combined with automatic login to virtual console. When doing this you have to set correct dependencies for the autologin systemd service to ensure that dbus is started before `~/.xinitrc` is read and hence pulseaudio started (see: BBS#155416)

## Tips and tricks

### Override xinitrc from command line

If you have a working `~/.xinitrc`, but just want to try other WM/DE, you can run it by issuing startx followed by the path to the window manager:

    $ startx /full/path/to/window-manager

If the window manager takes arguments, they need to be enquoted to be recognized as part of the first parameter of startx:

    $ startx "/full/path/to/window-manager --key value"

Note that the full path is required. Optionally, you can also override `/etc/X11/xinit/xserverrc` file (which stores the default X server options) with custom options by appending them after `--`, e.g.:

    $ startx /usr/bin/enlightenment -- -nolisten tcp -br +bs -dpi 96 vt$XDG_VTNR

or

    $ xinit /usr/bin/enlightenment -- -nolisten tcp -br +bs -dpi 96 vt$XDG_VTNR

See also `man startx`.

Tip: This can be used even to start a regular GUI programs but without any of the window manager features. See also #Starting applications without a window manager and Running program in separate X display.

### Making a DE/WM choice

If you are frequently switching between different DEs/WMs, it is recommended to either use a Display manager or add code to `.xinitrc`. The code described next consists of a simple few lines, which will take the argument and load the desired desktop environment or window manager.

The following example `~/.xinitrc` shows how to start a particular DE/WM with an argument:

    ~/.xinitrc

    ...

    # Here Xfce is kept as default
    session=${1:-xfce}

    case $session in
        awesome           ) exec awesome;;
        bspwm             ) exec bspwm;;
        catwm             ) exec catwm;;
        cinnamon          ) exec cinnamon-session;;
        dwm               ) exec dwm;;
        enlightenment     ) exec enlightenment_start;;
        ede               ) exec startede;;
        fluxbox           ) exec startfluxbox;;
        gnome             ) exec gnome-session;;
        gnome-classic     ) exec gnome-session --session=gnome-classic;;
        i3|i3wm           ) exec i3;;
        icewm             ) exec icewm-session;;
        jwm               ) exec jwm;;
        kde               ) exec startkde;;
        mate              ) exec mate-session;;
        monster|monsterwm ) exec monsterwm;;
        notion            ) exec notion;;
        openbox           ) exec openbox-session;;
        unity             ) exec unity;;
        xfce|xfce4        ) exec startxfce4;;
        xmonad            ) exec xmonad;;
        # No known session, try to run it as command
        *) exec $1;;
    esac

Then copy the `/etc/X11/xinit/xserverrc` file to your home directory:

    $ cp /etc/X11/xinit/xserverrc ~/.xserverrc

After that, you can easily start a particular DE/WM by passing an argument, e.g.:

    $ xinit
    $ xinit gnome
    $ xinit kde
    $ xinit wmaker

or

    $ startx
    $ startx ~/.xinitrc gnome
    $ startx ~/.xinitrc kde
    $ startx ~/.xinitrc wmaker

### Starting applications without a window manager

It is possible to start only specific applications without a window manager, although most likely this is only useful with a single application shown in full-screen mode. For example:

    ~/.xinitrc

    ...

    exec chromium

With this method you need to set each application window's geometry through its own configuration files, if possible at all.

Tip: This method can be useful to launch graphical games, especially on systems where excluding the memory or CPU usage of a window manager or desktop environment, and possible accessory applications, can help improve the game's execution performance.

See also Display manager#Starting applications without a window manager.

Categories:

- Desktop environments
- X server