hashtables-1.2.0.2: Mutable hash tables in the ST monad

Safe Haskell | None
Language | Haskell98

Data.HashTable.ST.Basic

Description

A basic open-addressing hash table using linear probing. Use this hash table if you...

- want the fastest possible lookups, and very fast inserts.
- don't care about wasting a little bit of memory to get it.
- don't care that a table resize might pause for a long time to rehash all of the key-value mappings.
- have a workload which is not heavy with deletes; deletes clutter the table with deleted markers and force the table to be completely rehashed fairly often.

Of the hash tables in this collection, this hash table has the best lookup performance, while maintaining competitive insert performance.

Space overhead

This table is not especially memory-efficient; firstly, the table has a maximum load factor of 0.83 and will be resized if load exceeds this value. Secondly, to improve insert and lookup performance, we store a 16-bit hash code for each key in the table.

Each hash table entry requires at least 2.25 words (on a 64-bit machine), two for the pointers to the key and value and one quarter word for the hash code. We don't count key and value pointers as overhead, because they have to be there -- so the overhead for a full slot is at least one quarter word -- but empty slots in the hash table count for a full 2.25 words of overhead. Define `m` as the number of slots in the table, `n` as the number of key value mappings, and `ws` as the machine word size in bytes. If the load factor is `k=n/m`, the amount of space wasted per mapping in words is:

    w(n) = (m*(2*ws + 2) - n*(2*ws)) / ws

Since `m=n/k`,

    w(n) = n/k * (2*ws + 2) - n*(2*ws)
         = (n * (2 + 2*ws*(1-k))  k)  ws

Solving for `k=0.83`, the maximum load factor, gives a minimum overhead of 0.71 words per mapping on a 64-bit machine, or 1.01 words per mapping on a 32-bit machine. If `k=0.5`, which should be under normal usage the maximum overhead situation, then the overhead would be 2.5 words per mapping on a 64-bit machine, or 3.0 words per mapping on a 32-bit machine.

Space overhead: experimental results

In randomized testing on a 64-bit machine (see `test/compute-overhead/ComputeOverhead.hs` in the source distribution), mean overhead (that is, the number of words needed to store the key-value mapping over and above the two words necessary for the key and the value pointers) is approximately 1.24 machine words per key-value mapping with a standard deviation of about 0.30 words, and 1.70 words per mapping at the 95th percentile.

Expensive resizes

If enough elements are inserted into the table to make it exceed the maximum load factor, the table is resized. A resize involves a complete rehash of all the elements in the table, which means that any given call to `insert` might take O(n) time in the size of the table, with a large constant factor. If a long pause waiting for the table to resize is unacceptable for your application, you should choose the included linear hash table instead.

References:

- Knuth, Donald E. The Art of Computer Programming, vol. 3 Sorting and Searching. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1973.

Synopsis

- data HashTable s k v
- new :: ST s (HashTable s k v)
- newSized :: Int -> ST s (HashTable s k v)
- delete :: (Hashable k, Eq k) => HashTable s k v -> k -> ST s ()
- lookup :: (Eq k, Hashable k) => HashTable s k v -> k -> ST s (Maybe v)
- insert :: (Eq k, Hashable k) => HashTable s k v -> k -> v -> ST s ()
- mapM_ :: ((k, v) -> ST s b) -> HashTable s k v -> ST s ()
- foldM :: (a -> (k, v) -> ST s a) -> a -> HashTable s k v -> ST s a
- computeOverhead :: HashTable s k v -> ST s Double

# Documentation

data HashTable s k v

An open addressing hash table using linear probing.

Instances

HashTable HashTable |
Show (HashTable s k v) |

new :: ST s (HashTable s k v)

See the documentation for this function in Data.HashTable.Class.

newSized :: Int -> ST s (HashTable s k v)

See the documentation for this function in Data.HashTable.Class.

delete :: (Hashable k, Eq k) => HashTable s k v -> k -> ST s ()

See the documentation for this function in Data.HashTable.Class.

lookup :: (Eq k, Hashable k) => HashTable s k v -> k -> ST s (Maybe v)

See the documentation for this function in Data.HashTable.Class.

insert :: (Eq k, Hashable k) => HashTable s k v -> k -> v -> ST s ()

See the documentation for this function in Data.HashTable.Class.

mapM_ :: ((k, v) -> ST s b) -> HashTable s k v -> ST s ()

See the documentation for this function in Data.HashTable.Class.

foldM :: (a -> (k, v) -> ST s a) -> a -> HashTable s k v -> ST s a

See the documentation for this function in Data.HashTable.Class.

computeOverhead :: HashTable s k v -> ST s Double

See the documentation for this function in Data.HashTable.Class.