compact1, compact2, compact3
java.util.stream

## Interface IntStream

- All Superinterfaces:
    AutoCloseable, BaseStream<Integer,IntStream>

      public interface IntStream
      extends BaseStream<Integer,IntStream>

  A sequence of primitive int-valued elements supporting sequential and parallel aggregate operations. This is the `int` primitive specialization of `Stream`.

  The following example illustrates an aggregate operation using `Stream` and `IntStream`, computing the sum of the weights of the red widgets:

           int sum = widgets.stream()
                            .filter(w -> w.getColor() == RED)
                            .mapToInt(w -> w.getWeight())
                            .sum();

  See the class documentation for `Stream` and the package documentation for java.util.stream for additional specification of streams, stream operations, stream pipelines, and parallelism.
  Since:
    1.8
  See Also:
    `Stream`, java.util.stream

- - ### Nested Class Summary

    Nested Classes
    Modifier and Type | Interface and Description
    --- | ---
    `static interface` | `IntStream.Builder` A mutable builder for an `IntStream`.

  - ### Method Summary

    All Methods Static Methods Instance Methods Abstract Methods Default Methods
    Modifier and Type | Method and Description
    --- | ---
    `boolean` | `allMatch(IntPredicate predicate)` Returns whether all elements of this stream match the provided predicate.
    `boolean` | `anyMatch(IntPredicate predicate)` Returns whether any elements of this stream match the provided predicate.
    `DoubleStream` | `asDoubleStream()` Returns a `DoubleStream` consisting of the elements of this stream, converted to `double`.
    `LongStream` | `asLongStream()` Returns a `LongStream` consisting of the elements of this stream, converted to `long`.
    `OptionalDouble` | `average()` Returns an `OptionalDouble` describing the arithmetic mean of elements of this stream, or an empty optional if this stream is empty.
    `Stream<Integer>` | `boxed()` Returns a `Stream` consisting of the elements of this stream, each boxed to an `Integer`.
    `static IntStream.Builder` | `builder()` Returns a builder for an `IntStream`.
    `<R> R` | `collect(Supplier<R> supplier, ObjIntConsumer<R> accumulator, BiConsumer<R,R> combiner)` Performs a mutable reduction operation on the elements of this stream.
    `static IntStream` | `concat(IntStream a, IntStream b)` Creates a lazily concatenated stream whose elements are all the elements of the first stream followed by all the elements of the second stream.
    `long` | `count()` Returns the count of elements in this stream.
    `IntStream` | `distinct()` Returns a stream consisting of the distinct elements of this stream.
    `static IntStream` | `empty()` Returns an empty sequential `IntStream`.
    `IntStream` | `filter(IntPredicate predicate)` Returns a stream consisting of the elements of this stream that match the given predicate.
    `OptionalInt` | `findAny()` Returns an `OptionalInt` describing some element of the stream, or an empty `OptionalInt` if the stream is empty.
    `OptionalInt` | `findFirst()` Returns an `OptionalInt` describing the first element of this stream, or an empty `OptionalInt` if the stream is empty.
    `IntStream` | `flatMap(IntFunction<? extends IntStream> mapper)` Returns a stream consisting of the results of replacing each element of this stream with the contents of a mapped stream produced by applying the provided mapping function to each element.
    `void` | `forEach(IntConsumer action)` Performs an action for each element of this stream.
    `void` | `forEachOrdered(IntConsumer action)` Performs an action for each element of this stream, guaranteeing that each element is processed in encounter order for streams that have a defined encounter order.
    `static IntStream` | `generate(IntSupplier s)` Returns an infinite sequential unordered stream where each element is generated by the provided `IntSupplier`.
    `static IntStream` | `iterate(int seed, IntUnaryOperator f)` Returns an infinite sequential ordered `IntStream` produced by iterative application of a function `f` to an initial element `seed`, producing a `Stream` consisting of `seed`, `f(seed)`, `f(f(seed))`, etc.
    `PrimitiveIterator.OfInt` | `iterator()` Returns an iterator for the elements of this stream.
    `IntStream` | `limit(long maxSize)` Returns a stream consisting of the elements of this stream, truncated to be no longer than `maxSize` in length.
    `IntStream` | `map(IntUnaryOperator mapper)` Returns a stream consisting of the results of applying the given function to the elements of this stream.
    `DoubleStream` | `mapToDouble(IntToDoubleFunction mapper)` Returns a `DoubleStream` consisting of the results of applying the given function to the elements of this stream.
    `LongStream` | `mapToLong(IntToLongFunction mapper)` Returns a `LongStream` consisting of the results of applying the given function to the elements of this stream.
    `<U> Stream<U>` | `mapToObj(IntFunction<? extends U> mapper)` Returns an object-valued `Stream` consisting of the results of applying the given function to the elements of this stream.
    `OptionalInt` | `max()` Returns an `OptionalInt` describing the maximum element of this stream, or an empty optional if this stream is empty.
    `OptionalInt` | `min()` Returns an `OptionalInt` describing the minimum element of this stream, or an empty optional if this stream is empty.
    `boolean` | `noneMatch(IntPredicate predicate)` Returns whether no elements of this stream match the provided predicate.
    `static IntStream` | `of(int... values)` Returns a sequential ordered stream whose elements are the specified values.
    `static IntStream` | `of(int t)` Returns a sequential `IntStream` containing a single element.
    `IntStream` | `parallel()` Returns an equivalent stream that is parallel.
    `IntStream` | `peek(IntConsumer action)` Returns a stream consisting of the elements of this stream, additionally performing the provided action on each element as elements are consumed from the resulting stream.
    `static IntStream` | `range(int startInclusive, int endExclusive)` Returns a sequential ordered `IntStream` from `startInclusive` (inclusive) to `endExclusive` (exclusive) by an incremental step of `1`.
    `static IntStream` | `rangeClosed(int startInclusive, int endInclusive)` Returns a sequential ordered `IntStream` from `startInclusive` (inclusive) to `endInclusive` (inclusive) by an incremental step of `1`.
    `OptionalInt` | `reduce(IntBinaryOperator op)` Performs a reduction on the elements of this stream, using an associative accumulation function, and returns an `OptionalInt` describing the reduced value, if any.
    `int` | `reduce(int identity, IntBinaryOperator op)` Performs a reduction on the elements of this stream, using the provided identity value and an associative accumulation function, and returns the reduced value.
    `IntStream` | `sequential()` Returns an equivalent stream that is sequential.
    `IntStream` | `skip(long n)` Returns a stream consisting of the remaining elements of this stream after discarding the first `n` elements of the stream.
    `IntStream` | `sorted()` Returns a stream consisting of the elements of this stream in sorted order.
    `Spliterator.OfInt` | `spliterator()` Returns a spliterator for the elements of this stream.
    `int` | `sum()` Returns the sum of elements in this stream.
    `IntSummaryStatistics` | `summaryStatistics()` Returns an `IntSummaryStatistics` describing various summary data about the elements of this stream.
    `int[]` | `toArray()` Returns an array containing the elements of this stream.

    - ### Methods inherited from interface java.util.stream.BaseStream

      `close, isParallel, onClose, unordered`

- - ### Method Detail

    - #### filter

          IntStream filter(IntPredicate predicate)

      Returns a stream consisting of the elements of this stream that match the given predicate.

      This is an intermediate operation.

      Parameters:
        `predicate` - a non-interfering, stateless predicate to apply to each element to determine if it should be included
      Returns:
        the new stream

    - #### map

          IntStream map(IntUnaryOperator mapper)

      Returns a stream consisting of the results of applying the given function to the elements of this stream.

      This is an intermediate operation.

      Parameters:
        `mapper` - a non-interfering, stateless function to apply to each element
      Returns:
        the new stream

    - #### mapToObj

          <U> Stream<U> mapToObj(IntFunction<? extends U> mapper)

      Returns an object-valued `Stream` consisting of the results of applying the given function to the elements of this stream.

      This is an intermediate operation.

      Type Parameters:
        `U` - the element type of the new stream
      Parameters:
        `mapper` - a non-interfering, stateless function to apply to each element
      Returns:
        the new stream

    - #### mapToLong

          LongStream mapToLong(IntToLongFunction mapper)

      Returns a `LongStream` consisting of the results of applying the given function to the elements of this stream.

      This is an intermediate operation.

      Parameters:
        `mapper` - a non-interfering, stateless function to apply to each element
      Returns:
        the new stream

    - #### mapToDouble

          DoubleStream mapToDouble(IntToDoubleFunction mapper)

      Returns a `DoubleStream` consisting of the results of applying the given function to the elements of this stream.

      This is an intermediate operation.

      Parameters:
        `mapper` - a non-interfering, stateless function to apply to each element
      Returns:
        the new stream

    - #### flatMap

          IntStream flatMap(IntFunction<? extends IntStream> mapper)

      Returns a stream consisting of the results of replacing each element of this stream with the contents of a mapped stream produced by applying the provided mapping function to each element. Each mapped stream is `closed` after its contents have been placed into this stream. (If a mapped stream is `null` an empty stream is used, instead.)

      This is an intermediate operation.

      Parameters:
        `mapper` - a non-interfering, stateless function to apply to each element which produces an `IntStream` of new values
      Returns:
        the new stream
      See Also:
        `Stream.flatMap(Function)`

    - #### distinct

          IntStream distinct()

      Returns a stream consisting of the distinct elements of this stream.

      This is a stateful intermediate operation.

      Returns:
        the new stream

    - #### sorted

          IntStream sorted()

      Returns a stream consisting of the elements of this stream in sorted order.

      This is a stateful intermediate operation.

      Returns:
        the new stream

    - #### peek

          IntStream peek(IntConsumer action)

      Returns a stream consisting of the elements of this stream, additionally performing the provided action on each element as elements are consumed from the resulting stream.

      This is an intermediate operation.

      For parallel stream pipelines, the action may be called at whatever time and in whatever thread the element is made available by the upstream operation. If the action modifies shared state, it is responsible for providing the required synchronization.

      API Note:
        This method exists mainly to support debugging, where you want to see the elements as they flow past a certain point in a pipeline:

                 IntStream.of(1, 2, 3, 4)
                     .filter(e -> e > 2)
                     .peek(e -> System.out.println("Filtered value: " + e))
                     .map(e -> e * e)
                     .peek(e -> System.out.println("Mapped value: " + e))
                     .sum();

      Parameters:
        `action` - a non-interfering action to perform on the elements as they are consumed from the stream
      Returns:
        the new stream

    - #### limit

          IntStream limit(long maxSize)

      Returns a stream consisting of the elements of this stream, truncated to be no longer than `maxSize` in length.

      This is a short-circuiting stateful intermediate operation.

      API Note:
        While `limit()` is generally a cheap operation on sequential stream pipelines, it can be quite expensive on ordered parallel pipelines, especially for large values of `maxSize`, since `limit(n)` is constrained to return not just any n elements, but the first n elements in the encounter order. Using an unordered stream source (such as `generate(IntSupplier)`) or removing the ordering constraint with `BaseStream.unordered()` may result in significant speedups of `limit()` in parallel pipelines, if the semantics of your situation permit. If consistency with encounter order is required, and you are experiencing poor performance or memory utilization with `limit()` in parallel pipelines, switching to sequential execution with `sequential()` may improve performance.
      Parameters:
        `maxSize` - the number of elements the stream should be limited to
      Returns:
        the new stream
      Throws:
        `IllegalArgumentException` - if `maxSize` is negative

    - #### skip

          IntStream skip(long n)

      Returns a stream consisting of the remaining elements of this stream after discarding the first `n` elements of the stream. If this stream contains fewer than `n` elements then an empty stream will be returned.

      This is a stateful intermediate operation.

      API Note:
        While `skip()` is generally a cheap operation on sequential stream pipelines, it can be quite expensive on ordered parallel pipelines, especially for large values of `n`, since `skip(n)` is constrained to skip not just any n elements, but the first n elements in the encounter order. Using an unordered stream source (such as `generate(IntSupplier)`) or removing the ordering constraint with `BaseStream.unordered()` may result in significant speedups of `skip()` in parallel pipelines, if the semantics of your situation permit. If consistency with encounter order is required, and you are experiencing poor performance or memory utilization with `skip()` in parallel pipelines, switching to sequential execution with `sequential()` may improve performance.
      Parameters:
        `n` - the number of leading elements to skip
      Returns:
        the new stream
      Throws:
        `IllegalArgumentException` - if `n` is negative

    - #### forEach

          void forEach(IntConsumer action)

      Performs an action for each element of this stream.

      This is a terminal operation.

      For parallel stream pipelines, this operation does not guarantee to respect the encounter order of the stream, as doing so would sacrifice the benefit of parallelism. For any given element, the action may be performed at whatever time and in whatever thread the library chooses. If the action accesses shared state, it is responsible for providing the required synchronization.

      Parameters:
        `action` - a non-interfering action to perform on the elements

    - #### forEachOrdered

          void forEachOrdered(IntConsumer action)

      Performs an action for each element of this stream, guaranteeing that each element is processed in encounter order for streams that have a defined encounter order.

      This is a terminal operation.

      Parameters:
        `action` - a non-interfering action to perform on the elements
      See Also:
        `forEach(IntConsumer)`

    - #### toArray

          int[] toArray()

      Returns an array containing the elements of this stream.

      This is a terminal operation.

      Returns:
        an array containing the elements of this stream

    - #### reduce

          int reduce(int identity,
                     IntBinaryOperator op)

      Performs a reduction on the elements of this stream, using the provided identity value and an associative accumulation function, and returns the reduced value. This is equivalent to:

               int result = identity;
               for (int element : this stream)
                   result = accumulator.applyAsInt(result, element)
               return result;

      but is not constrained to execute sequentially.

      The `identity` value must be an identity for the accumulator function. This means that for all `x`, `accumulator.apply(identity, x)` is equal to `x`. The `accumulator` function must be an associative function.

      This is a terminal operation.

      API Note:
        Sum, min, max, and average are all special cases of reduction. Summing a stream of numbers can be expressed as:

                 int sum = integers.reduce(0, (a, b) -> a+b);

        or more compactly:

                 int sum = integers.reduce(0, Integer::sum);

        While this may seem a more roundabout way to perform an aggregation compared to simply mutating a running total in a loop, reduction operations parallelize more gracefully, without needing additional synchronization and with greatly reduced risk of data races.

      Parameters:
        `identity` - the identity value for the accumulating function
        `op` - an associative, non-interfering, stateless function for combining two values
      Returns:
        the result of the reduction
      See Also:
        `sum()`, `min()`, `max()`, `average()`

    - #### reduce

          OptionalInt reduce(IntBinaryOperator op)

      Performs a reduction on the elements of this stream, using an associative accumulation function, and returns an `OptionalInt` describing the reduced value, if any. This is equivalent to:

               boolean foundAny = false;
               int result = null;
               for (int element : this stream) {
                   if (!foundAny) {
                       foundAny = true;
                       result = element;
                   }
                   else
                       result = accumulator.applyAsInt(result, element);
               }
               return foundAny ? OptionalInt.of(result) : OptionalInt.empty();

      but is not constrained to execute sequentially.

      The `accumulator` function must be an associative function.

      This is a terminal operation.

      Parameters:
        `op` - an associative, non-interfering, stateless function for combining two values
      Returns:
        the result of the reduction
      See Also:
        `reduce(int, IntBinaryOperator)`

    - #### collect

          <R> R collect(Supplier<R> supplier,
                        ObjIntConsumer<R> accumulator,
                        BiConsumer<R,R> combiner)

      Performs a mutable reduction operation on the elements of this stream. A mutable reduction is one in which the reduced value is a mutable result container, such as an `ArrayList`, and elements are incorporated by updating the state of the result rather than by replacing the result. This produces a result equivalent to:

               R result = supplier.get();
               for (int element : this stream)
                   accumulator.accept(result, element);
               return result;

      Like `reduce(int, IntBinaryOperator)`, `collect` operations can be parallelized without requiring additional synchronization.

      This is a terminal operation.

      Type Parameters:
        `R` - type of the result
      Parameters:
        `supplier` - a function that creates a new result container. For a parallel execution, this function may be called multiple times and must return a fresh value each time.
        `accumulator` - an associative, non-interfering, stateless function for incorporating an additional element into a result
        `combiner` - an associative, non-interfering, stateless function for combining two values, which must be compatible with the accumulator function
      Returns:
        the result of the reduction
      See Also:
        `Stream.collect(Supplier, BiConsumer, BiConsumer)`

    - #### sum

          int sum()

      Returns the sum of elements in this stream. This is a special case of a reduction and is equivalent to:

               return reduce(0, Integer::sum);

      This is a terminal operation.

      Returns:
        the sum of elements in this stream

    - #### min

          OptionalInt min()

      Returns an `OptionalInt` describing the minimum element of this stream, or an empty optional if this stream is empty. This is a special case of a reduction and is equivalent to:

               return reduce(Integer::min);

      This is a terminal operation.

      Returns:
        an `OptionalInt` containing the minimum element of this stream, or an empty `OptionalInt` if the stream is empty

    - #### max

          OptionalInt max()

      Returns an `OptionalInt` describing the maximum element of this stream, or an empty optional if this stream is empty. This is a special case of a reduction and is equivalent to:

               return reduce(Integer::max);

      This is a terminal operation.

      Returns:
        an `OptionalInt` containing the maximum element of this stream, or an empty `OptionalInt` if the stream is empty

    - #### count

          long count()

      Returns the count of elements in this stream. This is a special case of a reduction and is equivalent to:

               return mapToLong(e -> 1L).sum();

      This is a terminal operation.

      Returns:
        the count of elements in this stream

    - #### average

          OptionalDouble average()

      Returns an `OptionalDouble` describing the arithmetic mean of elements of this stream, or an empty optional if this stream is empty. This is a special case of a reduction.

      This is a terminal operation.

      Returns:
        an `OptionalDouble` containing the average element of this stream, or an empty optional if the stream is empty

    - #### summaryStatistics

          IntSummaryStatistics summaryStatistics()

      Returns an `IntSummaryStatistics` describing various summary data about the elements of this stream. This is a special case of a reduction.

      This is a terminal operation.

      Returns:
        an `IntSummaryStatistics` describing various summary data about the elements of this stream

    - #### anyMatch

          boolean anyMatch(IntPredicate predicate)

      Returns whether any elements of this stream match the provided predicate. May not evaluate the predicate on all elements if not necessary for determining the result. If the stream is empty then `false` is returned and the predicate is not evaluated.

      This is a short-circuiting terminal operation.

      API Note:
        This method evaluates the existential quantification of the predicate over the elements of the stream (for some x P(x)).
      Parameters:
        `predicate` - a non-interfering, stateless predicate to apply to elements of this stream
      Returns:
        `true` if any elements of the stream match the provided predicate, otherwise `false`

    - #### allMatch

          boolean allMatch(IntPredicate predicate)

      Returns whether all elements of this stream match the provided predicate. May not evaluate the predicate on all elements if not necessary for determining the result. If the stream is empty then `true` is returned and the predicate is not evaluated.

      This is a short-circuiting terminal operation.

      API Note:
        This method evaluates the universal quantification of the predicate over the elements of the stream (for all x P(x)). If the stream is empty, the quantification is said to be vacuously satisfied and is always `true` (regardless of P(x)).
      Parameters:
        `predicate` - a non-interfering, stateless predicate to apply to elements of this stream
      Returns:
        `true` if either all elements of the stream match the provided predicate or the stream is empty, otherwise `false`

    - #### noneMatch

          boolean noneMatch(IntPredicate predicate)

      Returns whether no elements of this stream match the provided predicate. May not evaluate the predicate on all elements if not necessary for determining the result. If the stream is empty then `true` is returned and the predicate is not evaluated.

      This is a short-circuiting terminal operation.

      API Note:
        This method evaluates the universal quantification of the negated predicate over the elements of the stream (for all x ~P(x)). If the stream is empty, the quantification is said to be vacuously satisfied and is always `true`, regardless of P(x).
      Parameters:
        `predicate` - a non-interfering, stateless predicate to apply to elements of this stream
      Returns:
        `true` if either no elements of the stream match the provided predicate or the stream is empty, otherwise `false`

    - #### findFirst

          OptionalInt findFirst()

      Returns an `OptionalInt` describing the first element of this stream, or an empty `OptionalInt` if the stream is empty. If the stream has no encounter order, then any element may be returned.

      This is a short-circuiting terminal operation.

      Returns:
        an `OptionalInt` describing the first element of this stream, or an empty `OptionalInt` if the stream is empty

    - #### findAny

          OptionalInt findAny()

      Returns an `OptionalInt` describing some element of the stream, or an empty `OptionalInt` if the stream is empty.

      This is a short-circuiting terminal operation.

      The behavior of this operation is explicitly nondeterministic; it is free to select any element in the stream. This is to allow for maximal performance in parallel operations; the cost is that multiple invocations on the same source may not return the same result. (If a stable result is desired, use `findFirst()` instead.)

      Returns:
        an `OptionalInt` describing some element of this stream, or an empty `OptionalInt` if the stream is empty
      See Also:
        `findFirst()`

    - #### asLongStream

          LongStream asLongStream()

      Returns a `LongStream` consisting of the elements of this stream, converted to `long`.

      This is an intermediate operation.

      Returns:
        a `LongStream` consisting of the elements of this stream, converted to `long`

    - #### asDoubleStream

          DoubleStream asDoubleStream()

      Returns a `DoubleStream` consisting of the elements of this stream, converted to `double`.

      This is an intermediate operation.

      Returns:
        a `DoubleStream` consisting of the elements of this stream, converted to `double`

    - #### boxed

          Stream<Integer> boxed()

      Returns a `Stream` consisting of the elements of this stream, each boxed to an `Integer`.

      This is an intermediate operation.

      Returns:
        a `Stream` consistent of the elements of this stream, each boxed to an `Integer`

    - #### sequential

          IntStream sequential()

      Description copied from interface: `BaseStream`
      Returns an equivalent stream that is sequential. May return itself, either because the stream was already sequential, or because the underlying stream state was modified to be sequential.

      This is an intermediate operation.

      Specified by:
        `sequential` in interface `BaseStream<Integer,IntStream>`
      Returns:
        a sequential stream

    - #### parallel

          IntStream parallel()

      Description copied from interface: `BaseStream`
      Returns an equivalent stream that is parallel. May return itself, either because the stream was already parallel, or because the underlying stream state was modified to be parallel.

      This is an intermediate operation.

      Specified by:
        `parallel` in interface `BaseStream<Integer,IntStream>`
      Returns:
        a parallel stream

    - #### iterator

          PrimitiveIterator.OfInt iterator()

      Description copied from interface: `BaseStream`
      Returns an iterator for the elements of this stream.

      This is a terminal operation.

      Specified by:
        `iterator` in interface `BaseStream<Integer,IntStream>`
      Returns:
        the element iterator for this stream

    - #### spliterator

          Spliterator.OfInt spliterator()

      Description copied from interface: `BaseStream`
      Returns a spliterator for the elements of this stream.

      This is a terminal operation.

      Specified by:
        `spliterator` in interface `BaseStream<Integer,IntStream>`
      Returns:
        the element spliterator for this stream

    - #### builder

          static IntStream.Builder builder()

      Returns a builder for an `IntStream`.
      Returns:
        a stream builder

    - #### empty

          static IntStream empty()

      Returns an empty sequential `IntStream`.
      Returns:
        an empty sequential stream

    - #### of

          static IntStream of(int t)

      Returns a sequential `IntStream` containing a single element.
      Parameters:
        `t` - the single element
      Returns:
        a singleton sequential stream

    - #### of

          static IntStream of(int... values)

      Returns a sequential ordered stream whose elements are the specified values.
      Parameters:
        `values` - the elements of the new stream
      Returns:
        the new stream

    - #### iterate

          static IntStream iterate(int seed,
                                   IntUnaryOperator f)

      Returns an infinite sequential ordered `IntStream` produced by iterative application of a function `f` to an initial element `seed`, producing a `Stream` consisting of `seed`, `f(seed)`, `f(f(seed))`, etc.

      The first element (position `0`) in the `IntStream` will be the provided `seed`. For `n > 0`, the element at position `n`, will be the result of applying the function `f` to the element at position `n - 1`.

      Parameters:
        `seed` - the initial element
        `f` - a function to be applied to to the previous element to produce a new element
      Returns:
        A new sequential `IntStream`

    - #### generate

          static IntStream generate(IntSupplier s)

      Returns an infinite sequential unordered stream where each element is generated by the provided `IntSupplier`. This is suitable for generating constant streams, streams of random elements, etc.
      Parameters:
        `s` - the `IntSupplier` for generated elements
      Returns:
        a new infinite sequential unordered `IntStream`

    - #### range

          static IntStream range(int startInclusive,
                                 int endExclusive)

      Returns a sequential ordered `IntStream` from `startInclusive` (inclusive) to `endExclusive` (exclusive) by an incremental step of `1`.
      API Note:

        An equivalent sequence of increasing values can be produced sequentially using a `for` loop as follows:

                 for (int i = startInclusive; i < endExclusive ; i++) { ... }

      Parameters:
        `startInclusive` - the (inclusive) initial value
        `endExclusive` - the exclusive upper bound
      Returns:
        a sequential `IntStream` for the range of `int` elements

    - #### rangeClosed

          static IntStream rangeClosed(int startInclusive,
                                       int endInclusive)

      Returns a sequential ordered `IntStream` from `startInclusive` (inclusive) to `endInclusive` (inclusive) by an incremental step of `1`.
      API Note:

        An equivalent sequence of increasing values can be produced sequentially using a `for` loop as follows:

                 for (int i = startInclusive; i <= endInclusive ; i++) { ... }

      Parameters:
        `startInclusive` - the (inclusive) initial value
        `endInclusive` - the inclusive upper bound
      Returns:
        a sequential `IntStream` for the range of `int` elements

    - #### concat

          static IntStream concat(IntStream a,
                                  IntStream b)

      Creates a lazily concatenated stream whose elements are all the elements of the first stream followed by all the elements of the second stream. The resulting stream is ordered if both of the input streams are ordered, and parallel if either of the input streams is parallel. When the resulting stream is closed, the close handlers for both input streams are invoked.
      Implementation Note:
        Use caution when constructing streams from repeated concatenation. Accessing an element of a deeply concatenated stream can result in deep call chains, or even `StackOverflowException`.
      Parameters:
        `a` - the first stream
        `b` - the second stream
      Returns:
        the concatenation of the two input streams

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