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Highest Weight Crystals

class sage.categories.highest_weight_crystals.HighestWeightCrystals(s=None)

Bases: sage.categories.category_singleton.Category_singleton

The category of highest weight crystals.

A crystal is highest weight if it is acyclic; in particular, every connected component has a unique highest weight element, and that element generate the component.

EXAMPLES:

sage: C = HighestWeightCrystals()
sage: C
Category of highest weight crystals
sage: C.super_categories()
[Category of crystals]
sage: C.example()
Highest weight crystal of type A_3 of highest weight omega_1

TESTS:

sage: TestSuite(C).run()
sage: B = HighestWeightCrystals().example()
sage: TestSuite(B).run(verbose = True)
running ._test_an_element() . . . pass
running ._test_category() . . . pass
running ._test_elements() . . .
  Running the test suite of self.an_element()
  running ._test_category() . . . pass
  running ._test_eq() . . . pass
  running ._test_not_implemented_methods() . . . pass
  running ._test_pickling() . . . pass
  running ._test_stembridge_local_axioms() . . . pass
  pass
running ._test_elements_eq_reflexive() . . . pass
running ._test_elements_eq_symmetric() . . . pass
running ._test_elements_eq_transitive() . . . pass
running ._test_elements_neq() . . . pass
running ._test_enumerated_set_contains() . . . pass
running ._test_enumerated_set_iter_cardinality() . . . pass
running ._test_enumerated_set_iter_list() . . . pass
running ._test_eq() . . . pass
running ._test_fast_iter() . . . pass
running ._test_not_implemented_methods() . . . pass
running ._test_pickling() . . . pass
running ._test_some_elements() . . . pass
running ._test_stembridge_local_axioms() . . . pass
class ElementMethods
class HighestWeightCrystals.ParentMethods
highest_weight_vector()

Returns the highest weight vector if there is a single one; otherwise, raises an error.

Caveat: this assumes that highest_weight_vectors() returns a list or tuple.

EXAMPLES:

sage: C = crystals.Letters(['A',5])
sage: C.highest_weight_vector()
1
highest_weight_vectors()

Returns the highest weight vectors of self

This default implementation selects among the module generators those that are highest weight, and caches the result. A crystal element \(b\) is highest weight if \(e_i(b)=0\) for all \(i\) in the index set.

EXAMPLES:

sage: C = crystals.Letters(['A',5])
sage: C.highest_weight_vectors()
(1,)

sage: C = crystals.Letters(['A',2])
sage: T = crystals.TensorProduct(C,C,C,generators=[[C(2),C(1),C(1)],[C(1),C(2),C(1)]])
sage: T.highest_weight_vectors()
([2, 1, 1], [1, 2, 1])
lowest_weight_vectors()

Returns the lowest weight vectors of self

This default implementation selects among all elements of the crystal those that are lowest weight, and cache the result. A crystal element \(b\) is lowest weight if \(f_i(b)=0\) for all \(i\) in the index set.

EXAMPLES:

sage: C = crystals.Letters(['A',5])
sage: C.lowest_weight_vectors()
[6]

sage: C = crystals.Letters(['A',2])
sage: T = crystals.TensorProduct(C,C,C,generators=[[C(2),C(1),C(1)],[C(1),C(2),C(1)]])
sage: T.lowest_weight_vectors()
[[3, 2, 3], [3, 3, 2]]
q_dimension(q=None, prec=None, use_product=False)

Return the \(q\)-dimension of self.

Let \(B(\lambda)\) denote a highest weight crystal. Recall that the degree of the \(\mu\)-weight space of \(B(\lambda)\) (under the principal gradation) is equal to \(\langle \rho^{\vee}, \lambda - \mu \rangle\) where \(\langle \rho^{\vee}, \alpha_i \rangle = 1\) for all \(i \in I\) (in particular, take \(\rho^{\vee} = \sum_{i \in I} h_i\)).

The \(q\)-dimension of a highest weight crystal \(B(\lambda)\) is defined as

\[\dim_q B(\lambda) := \sum_{j \geq 0} \dim(B_j) q^j,\]

where \(B_j\) denotes the degree \(j\) portion of \(B(\lambda)\). This can be expressed as the product

\[\dim_q B(\lambda) = \prod_{\alpha^{\vee} \in \Delta_+^{\vee}} \left( \frac{1 - q^{\langle \lambda + \rho, \alpha^{\vee} \rangle}}{1 - q^{\langle \rho, \alpha^{\vee} \rangle}} \right)^{\mathrm{mult}\, \alpha},\]

where \(\Delta_+^{\vee}\) denotes the set of positive coroots. Taking the limit as \(q \to 1\) gives the dimension of \(B(\lambda)\). For more information, see [Kac] Section 10.10.

INPUT:

  • q – the (generic) parameter \(q\)
  • prec – (default: None) The precision of the power series ring to use if the crystal is not known to be finite (i.e. the number of terms returned). If None, then the result is returned as a lazy power series.
  • use_product – (default: False) if we have a finite crystal and True, use the product formula

EXAMPLES:

sage: C = crystals.Tableaux(['A',2], shape=[2,1])
sage: qdim = C.q_dimension(); qdim
q^4 + 2*q^3 + 2*q^2 + 2*q + 1
sage: qdim(1)
8
sage: len(C) == qdim(1)
True
sage: C.q_dimension(use_product=True) == qdim
True
sage: C.q_dimension(prec=20)
q^4 + 2*q^3 + 2*q^2 + 2*q + 1
sage: C.q_dimension(prec=2)
2*q + 1

sage: R.<t> = QQ[]
sage: C.q_dimension(q=t^2)
t^8 + 2*t^6 + 2*t^4 + 2*t^2 + 1

sage: C = crystals.Tableaux(['A',2], shape=[5,2])
sage: C.q_dimension()
q^10 + 2*q^9 + 4*q^8 + 5*q^7 + 6*q^6 + 6*q^5
 + 6*q^4 + 5*q^3 + 4*q^2 + 2*q + 1

sage: C = crystals.Tableaux(['B',2], shape=[2,1])
sage: qdim = C.q_dimension(); qdim
q^10 + 2*q^9 + 3*q^8 + 4*q^7 + 5*q^6 + 5*q^5
 + 5*q^4 + 4*q^3 + 3*q^2 + 2*q + 1
sage: qdim == C.q_dimension(use_product=True)
True

sage: C = crystals.Tableaux(['D',4], shape=[2,1])
sage: C.q_dimension()
q^16 + 2*q^15 + 4*q^14 + 7*q^13 + 10*q^12 + 13*q^11
 + 16*q^10 + 18*q^9 + 18*q^8 + 18*q^7 + 16*q^6 + 13*q^5
 + 10*q^4 + 7*q^3 + 4*q^2 + 2*q + 1

We check with a finite tensor product:

sage: TP = crystals.TensorProduct(C, C)
sage: TP.cardinality()
25600
sage: qdim = TP.q_dimension(use_product=True); qdim # long time
q^32 + 2*q^31 + 8*q^30 + 15*q^29 + 34*q^28 + 63*q^27 + 110*q^26
 + 175*q^25 + 276*q^24 + 389*q^23 + 550*q^22 + 725*q^21
 + 930*q^20 + 1131*q^19 + 1362*q^18 + 1548*q^17 + 1736*q^16
 + 1858*q^15 + 1947*q^14 + 1944*q^13 + 1918*q^12 + 1777*q^11
 + 1628*q^10 + 1407*q^9 + 1186*q^8 + 928*q^7 + 720*q^6
 + 498*q^5 + 342*q^4 + 201*q^3 + 117*q^2 + 48*q + 26
sage: qdim(1) # long time
25600
sage: TP.q_dimension() == qdim # long time
True

The \(q\)-dimensions of infinite crystals are returned as formal power series:

sage: C = crystals.LSPaths(['A',2,1], [1,0,0])
sage: C.q_dimension(prec=5)
1 + q + 2*q^2 + 2*q^3 + 4*q^4 + O(q^5)
sage: C.q_dimension(prec=10)
1 + q + 2*q^2 + 2*q^3 + 4*q^4 + 5*q^5 + 7*q^6
 + 9*q^7 + 13*q^8 + 16*q^9 + O(q^10)
sage: qdim = C.q_dimension(); qdim
1 + q + 2*q^2 + 2*q^3 + 4*q^4 + 5*q^5 + 7*q^6
 + 9*q^7 + 13*q^8 + 16*q^9 + 22*q^10 + O(x^11)
sage: qdim.compute_coefficients(15)
sage: qdim
1 + q + 2*q^2 + 2*q^3 + 4*q^4 + 5*q^5 + 7*q^6
 + 9*q^7 + 13*q^8 + 16*q^9 + 22*q^10 + 27*q^11
 + 36*q^12 + 44*q^13 + 57*q^14 + 70*q^15 + O(x^16)

REFERENCES:

[Kac]Victor G. Kac. Infinite-dimensional Lie Algebras. Third edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1990.
class HighestWeightCrystals.TensorProducts(category, *args)

Bases: sage.categories.tensor.TensorProductsCategory

The category of highest weight crystals constructed by tensor product of highest weight crystals.

class ParentMethods

Implements operations on tensor products of crystals.

highest_weight_vectors()

Return the highest weight vectors of self.

This works by using a backtracing algorithm since if \(b_2 \otimes b_1\) is highest weight then \(b_1\) is highest weight.

EXAMPLES:

sage: C = crystals.Tableaux(['D',4], shape=[2,2])
sage: D = crystals.Tableaux(['D',4], shape=[1])
sage: T = crystals.TensorProduct(D, C)
sage: T.highest_weight_vectors()
([[[1]], [[1, 1], [2, 2]]],
 [[[3]], [[1, 1], [2, 2]]],
 [[[-2]], [[1, 1], [2, 2]]])
sage: L = filter(lambda x: x.is_highest_weight(), T)
sage: tuple(L) == T.highest_weight_vectors()
True

TESTS:

We check this works with Kashiwara’s convention for tensor products:

sage: C = crystals.Tableaux(['B',3], shape=[2,2])
sage: D = crystals.Tableaux(['B',3], shape=[1])
sage: T = crystals.TensorProduct(D, C)
sage: T.global_options(convention='Kashiwara')
sage: T.highest_weight_vectors()
([[[1, 1], [2, 2]], [[1]]],
 [[[1, 1], [2, 2]], [[3]]],
 [[[1, 1], [2, 2]], [[-2]]])
sage: T.global_options.reset()
sage: T.highest_weight_vectors()
([[[1]], [[1, 1], [2, 2]]],
 [[[3]], [[1, 1], [2, 2]]],
 [[[-2]], [[1, 1], [2, 2]]])
HighestWeightCrystals.TensorProducts.extra_super_categories()

EXAMPLES:

sage: HighestWeightCrystals().TensorProducts().extra_super_categories()
[Category of highest weight crystals]
HighestWeightCrystals.additional_structure()

Return None.

Indeed, the category of highest weight crystals defines no additional structure: it only guarantees the existence of a unique highest weight element in each component.

See also

Category.additional_structure()

Todo

Should this category be a CategoryWithAxiom?

EXAMPLES:

sage: HighestWeightCrystals().additional_structure()
HighestWeightCrystals.example()

Returns an example of highest weight crystals, as per Category.example().

EXAMPLES:

sage: B = HighestWeightCrystals().example(); B
Highest weight crystal of type A_3 of highest weight omega_1
HighestWeightCrystals.super_categories()

EXAMPLES:

sage: HighestWeightCrystals().super_categories()
[Category of crystals]

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