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# Space of modular symbols (base class)

All the spaces of modular symbols derive from this class. This class is an abstract base class.

class `sage.modular.modsym.space.``IntegralPeriodMapping`(modsym, A)

  Bases: `sage.modular.modsym.space.PeriodMapping`

  Standard initialisation function.

  INPUT:

  - `modsym` - a space of modular symbols
  - `A` - matrix of the associated period map

  EXAMPLE:

      sage: ModularSymbols(2, 8).cuspidal_submodule().integral_period_mapping() # indirect doctest
      Integral period mapping associated to Modular Symbols subspace of dimension 2 of Modular Symbols space of dimension 4 for Gamma_0(2) of weight 8 with sign 0 over Rational Field

class `sage.modular.modsym.space.``ModularSymbolsSpace`(group, weight, character, sign, base_ring)

  Bases: `sage.modular.hecke.module.HeckeModule_free_module`

  Base class for spaces of modular symbols.

  `abelian_variety`()

    Return the corresponding abelian variety.

    INPUT:

    - `self` - modular symbols space of weight 2 for a congruence subgroup such as Gamma0, Gamma1 or GammaH.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: ModularSymbols(Gamma0(11)).cuspidal_submodule().abelian_variety()
        Abelian variety J0(11) of dimension 1
        sage: ModularSymbols(Gamma1(11)).cuspidal_submodule().abelian_variety()
        Abelian variety J1(11) of dimension 1
        sage: ModularSymbols(GammaH(11,[3])).cuspidal_submodule().abelian_variety()
        Abelian variety JH(11,[3]) of dimension 1

    The abelian variety command only works on cuspidal modular symbols spaces:

        sage: M = ModularSymbols(37)
        sage: M[0].abelian_variety()
        Traceback (most recent call last):
        ...
        ValueError: self must be cuspidal
        sage: M[1].abelian_variety()
        Abelian subvariety of dimension 1 of J0(37)
        sage: M[2].abelian_variety()
        Abelian subvariety of dimension 1 of J0(37)

  `abvarquo_cuspidal_subgroup`()

    Compute the rational subgroup of the cuspidal subgroup (as an abstract abelian group) of the abelian variety quotient A of the relevant modular Jacobian attached to this modular symbols space.

    We assume that self is defined over QQ and has weight 2. If the sign of self is not 0, then the power of 2 may be wrong.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: D = ModularSymbols(66,2,sign=0).cuspidal_subspace().new_subspace().decomposition()
        sage: D[0].abvarquo_cuspidal_subgroup()
        Finitely generated module V/W over Integer Ring with invariants (3)
        sage: [A.abvarquo_cuspidal_subgroup().invariants() for A in D]
        [(3,), (2,), ()]
        sage: D = ModularSymbols(66,2,sign=1).cuspidal_subspace().new_subspace().decomposition()
        sage: [A.abvarquo_cuspidal_subgroup().invariants() for A in D]
        [(3,), (2,), ()]
        sage: D = ModularSymbols(66,2,sign=-1).cuspidal_subspace().new_subspace().decomposition()
        sage: [A.abvarquo_cuspidal_subgroup().invariants() for A in D]
        [(), (), ()]

  `abvarquo_rational_cuspidal_subgroup`()

    Compute the rational subgroup of the cuspidal subgroup (as an abstract abelian group) of the abelian variety quotient A of the relevant modular Jacobian attached to this modular symbols space. If C is the subgroup of A generated by differences of cusps, then C is equipped with an action of Gal(Qbar/Q), and this function computes the fixed subgroup, i.e., C(Q).

    We assume that self is defined over QQ and has weight 2. If the sign of self is not 0, then the power of 2 may be wrong.

    EXAMPLES:

    First we consider the fairly straightforward level 37 case, where the torsion subgroup of the optimal quotients (which are all elliptic curves) are all cuspidal:

        sage: M = ModularSymbols(37).cuspidal_subspace().new_subspace()
        sage: D = M.decomposition()
        sage: [(A.abvarquo_rational_cuspidal_subgroup().invariants(), A.T(19)[0,0]) for A in D]
        [((), 0), ((3,), 2)]
        sage: [(E.torsion_subgroup().invariants(),E.ap(19)) for E in cremona_optimal_curves([37])]
        [((), 0), ((3,), 2)]

    Next we consider level 54, where the rational cuspidal subgroups of the quotients are also cuspidal:

        sage: M = ModularSymbols(54).cuspidal_subspace().new_subspace()
        sage: D = M.decomposition()
        sage: [A.abvarquo_rational_cuspidal_subgroup().invariants() for A in D]
        [(3,), (3,)]
        sage: [E.torsion_subgroup().invariants() for E in cremona_optimal_curves([54])]
        [(3,), (3,)]

    Level 66 is interesting, since not all torsion of the quotient is rational. In fact, for each elliptic curve quotient, the \(\QQ\)-rational subgroup of the image of the cuspidal subgroup in the quotient is a nontrivial subgroup of \(E(\QQ)_{tor}\). Thus not all torsion in the quotient is cuspidal!

    > sage: M = ModularSymbols(66).cuspidal_subspace().new_subspace() sage: D = M.decomposition() sage: [(A.abvarquo_rational_cuspidal_subgroup().invariants(), A.T(19)[0,0]) for A in D] [((3,), -4), ((2,), 4), ((), 0)] sage: [(E.torsion_subgroup().invariants(),E.ap(19)) for E in cremona_optimal_curves([66])] [((6,), -4), ((4,), 4), ((10,), 0)] sage: [A.abelian_variety().rational_cuspidal_subgroup().invariants() for A in D] [[6], [4], [10]]

    In this example, the abelian varieties involved all having dimension bigger than 1 (unlike above). We find that all torsion in the quotient in each of these cases is cuspidal:

        sage: M = ModularSymbols(125).cuspidal_subspace().new_subspace()
        sage: D = M.decomposition()
        sage: [A.abvarquo_rational_cuspidal_subgroup().invariants() for A in D]
        [(), (5,), (5,)]
        sage: [A.abelian_variety().rational_torsion_subgroup().multiple_of_order() for A in D]
        [1, 5, 5]

  `character`()

    Return the character associated to self.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: ModularSymbols(12,8).character()
        Dirichlet character modulo 12 of conductor 1 mapping 7 |--> 1, 5 |--> 1
        sage: ModularSymbols(DirichletGroup(25).0, 4).character()
        Dirichlet character modulo 25 of conductor 25 mapping 2 |--> zeta20

  `compact_system_of_eigenvalues`(v, names='alpha', nz=None)

    Return a compact system of eigenvalues \(a_n\) for \(n\in v\). This should only be called on simple factors of modular symbols spaces.

    INPUT:

    - `v` - a list of positive integers
    - `nz` - (default: None); if given specifies a column index such that the dual module has that column nonzero.

    OUTPUT:

    - `E` - matrix such that E*v is a vector with components the eigenvalues \(a_n\) for \(n \in v\).
    - `v` - a vector over a number field

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: M = ModularSymbols(43,2,1)[2]; M
        Modular Symbols subspace of dimension 2 of Modular Symbols space of dimension 4 for Gamma_0(43) of weight 2 with sign 1 over Rational Field
        sage: E, v = M.compact_system_of_eigenvalues(prime_range(10))
        sage: E
        [ 3 -2]
        [-3  2]
        [-1  2]
        [ 1 -2]
        sage: v
        (1, -1/2*alpha + 3/2)
        sage: E*v
        (alpha, -alpha, -alpha + 2, alpha - 2)

    TESTS:

    Verify that Trac #12772 is fixed:

        sage: M = ModularSymbols(1,12,sign=1).cuspidal_subspace().new_subspace()
        sage: A = M.decomposition()[0]
        sage: A.compact_system_of_eigenvalues(prime_range(10))
        (
        [   -24]
        [   252]
        [  4830]
        [-16744], (1)
        )

  `congruence_number`(other, prec=None)

    Given two cuspidal spaces of modular symbols, compute the congruence number, using prec terms of the \(q\)-expansions.

    The congruence number is defined as follows. If \(V\) is the submodule of integral cusp forms corresponding to self (saturated in \(\ZZ[[q]]\), by definition) and \(W\) is the submodule corresponding to other, each computed to precision prec, the congruence number is the index of \(V+W\) in its saturation in \(\ZZ[[q]]\).

    If prec is not given it is set equal to the max of the `hecke_bound` function called on each space.

    EXAMPLES:

    > sage: A, B = ModularSymbols(48, 2).cuspidal_submodule().decomposition() sage: A.congruence_number(B) 2

  `cuspidal_submodule`()

    Return the cuspidal submodule of self.

    Note

    This should be overridden by all derived classes.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: sage.modular.modsym.space.ModularSymbolsSpace(Gamma0(11),2,DirichletGroup(11).gens()[0]**10,0,QQ).cuspidal_submodule()
        Traceback (most recent call last):
        ...
        NotImplementedError: computation of cuspidal submodule not yet implemented for this class
        sage: ModularSymbols(Gamma0(11),2).cuspidal_submodule()
        Modular Symbols subspace of dimension 2 of Modular Symbols space of dimension 3 for Gamma_0(11) of weight 2 with sign 0 over Rational Field

  `cuspidal_subspace`()

    Synonym for cuspidal_submodule.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: m = ModularSymbols(Gamma1(3),12); m.dimension()
        8
        sage: m.cuspidal_subspace().new_subspace().dimension()
        2

  `default_prec`()

    Get the default precision for computation of \(q\)-expansion associated to the ambient space of this space of modular symbols (and all subspaces). Use `set_default_prec` to change the default precision.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: M = ModularSymbols(15)
        sage: M.cuspidal_submodule().q_expansion_basis()
        [
        q - q^2 - q^3 - q^4 + q^5 + q^6 + O(q^8)
        ]
        sage: M.set_default_prec(20)

    Notice that setting the default precision of the ambient space affects the subspaces.

        sage: M.cuspidal_submodule().q_expansion_basis()
        [
        q - q^2 - q^3 - q^4 + q^5 + q^6 + 3*q^8 + q^9 - q^10 - 4*q^11 + q^12 - 2*q^13 - q^15 - q^16 + 2*q^17 - q^18 + 4*q^19 + O(q^20)
        ]
        sage: M.cuspidal_submodule().default_prec()
        20

  `dimension_of_associated_cuspform_space`()

    Return the dimension of the corresponding space of cusp forms.

    The input space must be cuspidal, otherwise there is no corresponding space of cusp forms.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: m = ModularSymbols(Gamma0(389),2).cuspidal_subspace(); m.dimension()
        64
        sage: m.dimension_of_associated_cuspform_space()
        32
        sage: m = ModularSymbols(Gamma0(389),2,sign=1).cuspidal_subspace(); m.dimension()
        32
        sage: m.dimension_of_associated_cuspform_space()
        32

  `dual_star_involution_matrix`()

    Return the matrix of the dual star involution, which is induced by complex conjugation on the linear dual of modular symbols.

    Note

    This should be overridden in all derived classes.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: sage.modular.modsym.space.ModularSymbolsSpace(Gamma0(11),2,DirichletGroup(11).gens()[0]**10,0,QQ).dual_star_involution_matrix()
        Traceback (most recent call last):
        ...
        NotImplementedError: computation of dual star involution matrix not yet implemented for this class
        sage: ModularSymbols(Gamma0(11),2).dual_star_involution_matrix()
        [ 1  0  0]
        [ 0 -1  0]
        [ 0  1  1]

  `eisenstein_subspace`()

    Synonym for eisenstein_submodule.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: m = ModularSymbols(Gamma1(3),12); m.dimension()
        8
        sage: m.eisenstein_subspace().dimension()
        2
        sage: m.cuspidal_subspace().dimension()
        6

  `group`()

    Returns the group of this modular symbols space.

    INPUT:

    - `ModularSymbols self` - an arbitrary space of modular symbols

    OUTPUT:

    - `CongruenceSubgroup` - the congruence subgroup that this is a space of modular symbols for.

    ALGORITHM: The group is recorded when this space is created.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: m = ModularSymbols(20)
        sage: m.group()
        Congruence Subgroup Gamma0(20)

  `hecke_module_of_level`(level)

    Alias for `self.modular_symbols_of_level(level)`.

    EXAMPLE:

        sage: ModularSymbols(11, 2).hecke_module_of_level(22)
        Modular Symbols space of dimension 7 for Gamma_0(22) of weight 2 with sign 0 over Rational Field

  `integral_basis`()

    Return a basis for the \(\ZZ\)-submodule of this modular symbols space spanned by the generators.

    Modular symbols spaces for congruence subgroups have a \(\ZZ\)-structure. Computing this \(\ZZ\)-structure is expensive, so by default modular symbols spaces for congruence subgroups in Sage are defined over \(\QQ\). This function returns a tuple of independent elements in this modular symbols space whose \(\ZZ\)-span is the corresponding space of modular symbols over \(\ZZ\).

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: M = ModularSymbols(11)
        sage: M.basis()
        ((1,0), (1,8), (1,9))
        sage: M.integral_basis()
        ((1,0), (1,8), (1,9))
        sage: S = M.cuspidal_submodule()
        sage: S.basis()
        ((1,8), (1,9))
        sage: S.integral_basis()
        ((1,8), (1,9))

        sage: M = ModularSymbols(13,4)
        sage: M.basis()
        ([X^2,(0,1)], [X^2,(1,4)], [X^2,(1,5)], [X^2,(1,7)], [X^2,(1,9)], [X^2,(1,10)], [X^2,(1,11)], [X^2,(1,12)])
        sage: M.integral_basis()
        ([X^2,(0,1)], 1/28*[X^2,(1,4)] + 2/7*[X^2,(1,5)] + 3/28*[X^2,(1,7)] + 11/14*[X^2,(1,9)] + 2/7*[X^2,(1,10)] + 11/28*[X^2,(1,11)] + 3/28*[X^2,(1,12)], [X^2,(1,5)], 1/2*[X^2,(1,7)] + 1/2*[X^2,(1,9)], [X^2,(1,9)], [X^2,(1,10)], [X^2,(1,11)], [X^2,(1,12)])
        sage: S = M.cuspidal_submodule()
        sage: S.basis()
        ([X^2,(1,4)] - [X^2,(1,12)], [X^2,(1,5)] - [X^2,(1,12)], [X^2,(1,7)] - [X^2,(1,12)], [X^2,(1,9)] - [X^2,(1,12)], [X^2,(1,10)] - [X^2,(1,12)], [X^2,(1,11)] - [X^2,(1,12)])
        sage: S.integral_basis()
        (1/28*[X^2,(1,4)] + 2/7*[X^2,(1,5)] + 3/28*[X^2,(1,7)] + 11/14*[X^2,(1,9)] + 2/7*[X^2,(1,10)] + 11/28*[X^2,(1,11)] - 53/28*[X^2,(1,12)], [X^2,(1,5)] - [X^2,(1,12)], 1/2*[X^2,(1,7)] + 1/2*[X^2,(1,9)] - [X^2,(1,12)], [X^2,(1,9)] - [X^2,(1,12)], [X^2,(1,10)] - [X^2,(1,12)], [X^2,(1,11)] - [X^2,(1,12)])

    This function currently raises a NotImplementedError on modular symbols spaces with character of order bigger than \(2\):

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: M = ModularSymbols(DirichletGroup(13).0^2, 2); M
        Modular Symbols space of dimension 4 and level 13, weight 2, character [zeta6], sign 0, over Cyclotomic Field of order 6 and degree 2
        sage: M.basis()
        ((1,0), (1,5), (1,10), (1,11))
        sage: M.integral_basis()
        Traceback (most recent call last):
        ...
        NotImplementedError

  `integral_hecke_matrix`(n)

    Return the matrix of the \(n`th Hecke operator acting on the integral structure on self (as returned by ``self.integral_structure()`\)). This is often (but not always) different from the matrix returned by `self.hecke_matrix`, even if the latter has integral entries.

    EXAMPLE:

        sage: M = ModularSymbols(6,4)
        sage: M.hecke_matrix(3)
        [27  0  0  0  6 -6]
        [ 0  1 -4  4  8 10]
        [18  0  1  0  6 -6]
        [18  0  4 -3  6 -6]
        [ 0  0  0  0  9 18]
        [ 0  0  0  0 12 15]
        sage: M.integral_hecke_matrix(3)
        [ 27   0   0   0   6  -6]
        [  0   1  -8   8  12  14]
        [ 18   0   5  -4  14   8]
        [ 18   0   8  -7   2 -10]
        [  0   0   0   0   9  18]
        [  0   0   0   0  12  15]

  `integral_period_mapping`()

    Return the integral period mapping associated to self.

    This is a homomorphism to a vector space whose kernel is the same as the kernel of the period mapping associated to self, normalized so the image of integral modular symbols is exactly \(\ZZ^n\).

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: m = ModularSymbols(23).cuspidal_submodule()
        sage: i = m.integral_period_mapping()
        sage: i
        Integral period mapping associated to Modular Symbols subspace of dimension 4 of Modular Symbols space of dimension 5 for Gamma_0(23) of weight 2 with sign 0 over Rational Field
        sage: i.matrix()
        [-1/11  1/11     0  3/11]
        [    1     0     0     0]
        [    0     1     0     0]
        [    0     0     1     0]
        [    0     0     0     1]
        sage: [i(b) for b in m.integral_structure().basis()]
        [(1, 0, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0, 0), (0, 0, 1, 0), (0, 0, 0, 1)]
        sage: [i(b) for b in m.ambient_module().basis()]
        [(-1/11, 1/11, 0, 3/11),
         (1, 0, 0, 0),
         (0, 1, 0, 0),
         (0, 0, 1, 0),
         (0, 0, 0, 1)]

    We compute the image of the winding element:

        sage: m = ModularSymbols(37,sign=1)
        sage: a = m[1]
        sage: f = a.integral_period_mapping()
        sage: e = m([0,oo])
        sage: f(e)
        (-2/3)

    The input space must be cuspidal:

        sage: m = ModularSymbols(37,2,sign=1)
        sage: m.integral_period_mapping()
        Traceback (most recent call last):
        ...
        ValueError: integral mapping only defined for cuspidal spaces

  `integral_structure`()

    Return the \(\ZZ\)-structure of this modular symbols spaces generated by all integral modular symbols.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: M = ModularSymbols(11,4)
        sage: M.integral_structure()
        Free module of degree 6 and rank 6 over Integer Ring
        Echelon basis matrix:
        [    1     0     0     0     0     0]
        [    0  1/14   1/7  5/14   1/2 13/14]
        [    0     0   1/2     0     0   1/2]
        [    0     0     0     1     0     0]
        [    0     0     0     0     1     0]
        [    0     0     0     0     0     1]
        sage: M.cuspidal_submodule().integral_structure()
        Free module of degree 6 and rank 4 over Integer Ring
        Echelon basis matrix:
        [     0   1/14    1/7   5/14    1/2 -15/14]
        [     0      0    1/2      0      0   -1/2]
        [     0      0      0      1      0     -1]
        [     0      0      0      0      1     -1]

  `intersection_number`(M)

    Given modular symbols spaces self and M in some common ambient space, returns the intersection number of these two spaces. This is the index in their saturation of the sum of their underlying integral structures.

    If self and M are of weight two and defined over QQ, and correspond to newforms f and g, then this number equals the order of the intersection of the modular abelian varieties attached to f and g.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: m = ModularSymbols(389,2)
        sage: d = m.decomposition(2)
        sage: eis = d[0]
        sage: ell = d[1]
        sage: af = d[-1]
        sage: af.intersection_number(eis)
        97
        sage: af.intersection_number(ell)
        400

  `is_ambient`()

    Return True if self is an ambient space of modular symbols.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: ModularSymbols(21,4).is_ambient()
        True
        sage: ModularSymbols(21,4).cuspidal_submodule().is_ambient()
        False

  `is_cuspidal`()

    Return True if self is a cuspidal space of modular symbols.

    Note

    This should be overridden in all derived classes.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: sage.modular.modsym.space.ModularSymbolsSpace(Gamma0(11),2,DirichletGroup(11).gens()[0]**10,0,QQ).is_cuspidal()
        Traceback (most recent call last):
        ...
        NotImplementedError: computation of cuspidal subspace not yet implemented for this class
        sage: ModularSymbols(Gamma0(11),2).is_cuspidal()
        False

  `is_simple`()

    Return whether not this modular symbols space is simple as a module over the anemic Hecke algebra adjoin *.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: m = ModularSymbols(Gamma0(33),2,sign=1)
        sage: m.is_simple()
        False
        sage: o = m.old_subspace()
        sage: o.decomposition()
        [
        Modular Symbols subspace of dimension 2 of Modular Symbols space of dimension 6 for Gamma_0(33) of weight 2 with sign 1 over Rational Field,
        Modular Symbols subspace of dimension 3 of Modular Symbols space of dimension 6 for Gamma_0(33) of weight 2 with sign 1 over Rational Field
        ]
        sage: C=ModularSymbols(1,14,0,GF(5)).cuspidal_submodule()
        sage: C
        Modular Symbols subspace of dimension 1 of Modular Symbols space of dimension 2 for Gamma_0(1) of weight 14 with sign 0 over Finite Field of size 5
        sage: C.is_simple()
        True

  `minus_submodule`(compute_dual=True)

    Return the subspace of self on which the star involution acts as -1.

    INPUT:

    - `compute_dual` - bool (default: True) also compute dual subspace. This are useful for many algorithms.

    OUTPUT: subspace of modular symbols

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: ModularSymbols(14,4)
        Modular Symbols space of dimension 12 for Gamma_0(14) of weight 4 with sign 0 over Rational Field
        sage: ModularSymbols(14,4).minus_submodule()
        Modular Symbols subspace of dimension 4 of Modular Symbols space of dimension 12 for Gamma_0(14) of weight 4 with sign 0 over Rational Field

  `modular_symbols_of_sign`(sign, bound=None)

    Returns a space of modular symbols with the same defining properties (weight, level, etc.) and Hecke eigenvalues as this space except with given sign.

    INPUT:

    - `self` - a cuspidal space of modular symbols
    - `sign` - an integer, one of -1, 0, or 1
    - `bound` - integer (default: None); if specified only use Hecke operators up to the given bound.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: S = ModularSymbols(Gamma0(11),2,sign=0).cuspidal_subspace()
        sage: S
        Modular Symbols subspace of dimension 2 of Modular Symbols space of dimension 3 for Gamma_0(11) of weight 2 with sign 0 over Rational Field
        sage: S.modular_symbols_of_sign(-1)
        Modular Symbols space of dimension 1 for Gamma_0(11) of weight 2 with sign -1 over Rational Field

        sage: S = ModularSymbols(43,2,sign=1)[2]; S
        Modular Symbols subspace of dimension 2 of Modular Symbols space of dimension 4 for Gamma_0(43) of weight 2 with sign 1 over Rational Field
        sage: S.modular_symbols_of_sign(-1)
        Modular Symbols subspace of dimension 2 of Modular Symbols space of dimension 3 for Gamma_0(43) of weight 2 with sign -1 over Rational Field

        sage: S.modular_symbols_of_sign(0)
        Modular Symbols subspace of dimension 4 of Modular Symbols space of dimension 7 for Gamma_0(43) of weight 2 with sign 0 over Rational Field

        sage: S = ModularSymbols(389,sign=1)[3]; S
        Modular Symbols subspace of dimension 3 of Modular Symbols space of dimension 33 for Gamma_0(389) of weight 2 with sign 1 over Rational Field
        sage: S.modular_symbols_of_sign(-1)
        Modular Symbols subspace of dimension 3 of Modular Symbols space of dimension 32 for Gamma_0(389) of weight 2 with sign -1 over Rational Field
        sage: S.modular_symbols_of_sign(0)
        Modular Symbols subspace of dimension 6 of Modular Symbols space of dimension 65 for Gamma_0(389) of weight 2 with sign 0 over Rational Field

        sage: S = ModularSymbols(23,sign=1,weight=4)[2]; S
        Modular Symbols subspace of dimension 4 of Modular Symbols space of dimension 7 for Gamma_0(23) of weight 4 with sign 1 over Rational Field
        sage: S.modular_symbols_of_sign(1) is S
        True
        sage: S.modular_symbols_of_sign(0)
        Modular Symbols subspace of dimension 8 of Modular Symbols space of dimension 12 for Gamma_0(23) of weight 4 with sign 0 over Rational Field
        sage: S.modular_symbols_of_sign(-1)
        Modular Symbols subspace of dimension 4 of Modular Symbols space of dimension 5 for Gamma_0(23) of weight 4 with sign -1 over Rational Field

  `multiplicity`(S, check_simple=True)

    Return the multiplicity of the simple modular symbols space S in self. S must be a simple anemic Hecke module.

    ASSUMPTION: self is an anemic Hecke module with the same weight and group as S, and S is simple.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: M = ModularSymbols(11,2,sign=1)
        sage: N1, N2 = M.decomposition()
        sage: N1.multiplicity(N2)
        0
        sage: M.multiplicity(N1)
        1
        sage: M.multiplicity(ModularSymbols(14,2))
        0

  `new_subspace`(p=None)

    Synonym for new_submodule.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: m = ModularSymbols(Gamma0(5),12); m.dimension()
        12
        sage: m.new_subspace().dimension()
        6
        sage: m = ModularSymbols(Gamma1(3),12); m.dimension()
        8
        sage: m.new_subspace().dimension()
        2

  `ngens`()

    The number of generators of self.

    INPUT:

    - `ModularSymbols self` - arbitrary space of modular symbols.

    OUTPUT:

    - `int` - the number of generators, which is the same as the dimension of self.

    ALGORITHM: Call the dimension function.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: m = ModularSymbols(33)
        sage: m.ngens()
        9
        sage: m.rank()
        9
        sage: ModularSymbols(100, weight=2, sign=1).ngens()
        18

  `old_subspace`(p=None)

    Synonym for old_submodule.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: m = ModularSymbols(Gamma1(3),12); m.dimension()
        8
        sage: m.old_subspace().dimension()
        6

  `plus_submodule`(compute_dual=True)

    Return the subspace of self on which the star involution acts as +1.

    INPUT:

    - `compute_dual` - bool (default: True) also compute dual subspace. This are useful for many algorithms.

    OUTPUT: subspace of modular symbols

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: ModularSymbols(17,2)
        Modular Symbols space of dimension 3 for Gamma_0(17) of weight 2 with sign 0 over Rational Field
        sage: ModularSymbols(17,2).plus_submodule()
        Modular Symbols subspace of dimension 2 of Modular Symbols space of dimension 3 for Gamma_0(17) of weight 2 with sign 0 over Rational Field

  `q_eigenform`(prec, names=None)

    Returns the q-expansion to precision prec of a new eigenform associated to self, where self must be new, cuspidal, and simple.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: ModularSymbols(2, 8)[1].q_eigenform(5, 'a')
        q - 8*q^2 + 12*q^3 + 64*q^4 + O(q^5)
        sage: ModularSymbols(2, 8)[0].q_eigenform(5,'a')
        Traceback (most recent call last):
        ...
        ArithmeticError: self must be cuspidal.

  `q_eigenform_character`(names=None)

    Return the Dirichlet character associated to the specific choice of \(q\)-eigenform attached to this simple cuspidal modular symbols space.

    INPUT:

        - ``names` -- string, name of the variable.

    OUTPUT:

    > - a Dirichlet character taking values in the Hecke eigenvalue field, where the indeterminant of that field is determined by the given variable name.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: f = ModularSymbols(Gamma1(13),2,sign=1).cuspidal_subspace().decomposition()[0]
        sage: eps = f.q_eigenform_character('a'); eps
        Dirichlet character modulo 13 of conductor 13 mapping 2 |--> -a - 1
        sage: parent(eps)
        Group of Dirichlet characters of modulus 13 over Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^2 + 3*x + 3
        sage: eps(3)
        a + 1

    The modular symbols space must be simple.:

        sage: ModularSymbols(Gamma1(17),2,sign=1).cuspidal_submodule().q_eigenform_character('a')
        Traceback (most recent call last):
        ...
        ArithmeticError: self must be simple

    If the character is specified when making the modular symbols space, then names need not be given and the returned character is just the character of the space.:

        sage: f = ModularSymbols(kronecker_character(19),2,sign=1).cuspidal_subspace().decomposition()[0]
        sage: f
        Modular Symbols subspace of dimension 8 of Modular Symbols space of dimension 10 and level 76, weight 2, character [-1, -1], sign 1, over Rational Field
        sage: f.q_eigenform_character()
        Dirichlet character modulo 76 of conductor 76 mapping 39 |--> -1, 21 |--> -1
        sage: f.q_eigenform_character() is f.character()
        True

    The input space need not be cuspidal:

        sage: M = ModularSymbols(Gamma1(13),2,sign=1).eisenstein_submodule()[0]
        sage: M.q_eigenform_character('a')
        Dirichlet character modulo 13 of conductor 13 mapping 2 |--> -1

    The modular symbols space does not have to come from a decomposition:

        sage: ModularSymbols(Gamma1(16),2,sign=1).cuspidal_submodule().q_eigenform_character('a')
        Dirichlet character modulo 16 of conductor 16 mapping 15 |--> 1, 5 |--> -a - 1

  `q_expansion_basis`(prec=None, algorithm='default')

    Returns a basis of q-expansions (as power series) to precision prec of the space of modular forms associated to self. The q-expansions are defined over the same base ring as self, and a put in echelon form.

    INPUT:

    - `self` - a space of CUSPIDAL modular symbols
    - `prec` - an integer
    - `algorithm` - string:
    - `'default' (default)` - decide which algorithm to use based on heuristics
    - `'hecke'` - compute basis by computing homomorphisms T - K, where T is the Hecke algebra
    - `'eigen'` - compute basis using eigenvectors for the Hecke action and Atkin-Lehner-Li theory to patch them together
    - `'all'` - compute using hecke_dual and eigen algorithms and verify that the results are the same.

    The computed basis is not cached, though of course Hecke operators used in computing the basis are cached.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: M = ModularSymbols(1, 12).cuspidal_submodule()
        sage: M.q_expansion_basis(8)
        [
        q - 24*q^2 + 252*q^3 - 1472*q^4 + 4830*q^5 - 6048*q^6 - 16744*q^7 + O(q^8)
        ]

        sage: M.q_expansion_basis(8, algorithm='eigen')
        [
        q - 24*q^2 + 252*q^3 - 1472*q^4 + 4830*q^5 - 6048*q^6 - 16744*q^7 + O(q^8)
        ]

        sage: M = ModularSymbols(1, 24).cuspidal_submodule()
        sage: M.q_expansion_basis(8, algorithm='eigen')
        [
        q + 195660*q^3 + 12080128*q^4 + 44656110*q^5 - 982499328*q^6 - 147247240*q^7 + O(q^8),
        q^2 - 48*q^3 + 1080*q^4 - 15040*q^5 + 143820*q^6 - 985824*q^7 + O(q^8)
        ]

        sage: M = ModularSymbols(11, 2, sign=-1).cuspidal_submodule()
        sage: M.q_expansion_basis(8, algorithm='eigen')
        [
        q - 2*q^2 - q^3 + 2*q^4 + q^5 + 2*q^6 - 2*q^7 + O(q^8)
        ]

        sage: M = ModularSymbols(Gamma1(13), 2, sign=1).cuspidal_submodule()
        sage: M.q_expansion_basis(8, algorithm='eigen')
        [
        q - 4*q^3 - q^4 + 3*q^5 + 6*q^6 + O(q^8),
        q^2 - 2*q^3 - q^4 + 2*q^5 + 2*q^6 + O(q^8)
        ]

        sage: M = ModularSymbols(Gamma1(5), 3, sign=-1).cuspidal_submodule()
        sage: M.q_expansion_basis(8, algorithm='eigen')   # dimension is 0
        []

        sage: M = ModularSymbols(Gamma1(7), 3, sign=-1).cuspidal_submodule()
        sage: M.q_expansion_basis(8)
        [
        q - 3*q^2 + 5*q^4 - 7*q^7 + O(q^8)
        ]

        sage: M = ModularSymbols(43, 2, sign=0).cuspidal_submodule()
        sage: M[0]
        Modular Symbols subspace of dimension 2 of Modular Symbols space of dimension 7 for Gamma_0(43) of weight 2 with sign 0 over Rational Field
        sage: M[0].q_expansion_basis()
        [
        q - 2*q^2 - 2*q^3 + 2*q^4 - 4*q^5 + 4*q^6 + O(q^8)
        ]
        sage: M[1]
        Modular Symbols subspace of dimension 4 of Modular Symbols space of dimension 7 for Gamma_0(43) of weight 2 with sign 0 over Rational Field
        sage: M[1].q_expansion_basis()
        [
        q + 2*q^5 - 2*q^6 - 2*q^7 + O(q^8),
        q^2 - q^3 - q^5 + q^7 + O(q^8)
        ]

  `q_expansion_cuspforms`(prec=None)

    Returns a function f(i,j) such that each value f(i,j) is the q-expansion, to the given precision, of an element of the corresponding space \(S\) of cusp forms. Together these functions span \(S\). Here \(i,j\) are integers with \(0\leq i,j < d\), where \(d\) is the dimension of self.

    For a reduced echelon basis, use the function `q_expansion_basis` instead.

    More precisely, this function returns the \(q\)-expansions obtained by taking the \(ij\) entry of the matrices of the Hecke operators \(T_n\) acting on the subspace of the linear dual of modular symbols corresponding to self.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: S = ModularSymbols(11,2, sign=1).cuspidal_submodule()
        sage: f = S.q_expansion_cuspforms(8)
        sage: f(0,0)
        q - 2*q^2 - q^3 + 2*q^4 + q^5 + 2*q^6 - 2*q^7 + O(q^8)

        sage: S = ModularSymbols(37,2).cuspidal_submodule()
        sage: f = S.q_expansion_cuspforms(8)
        sage: f(0,0)
        q + q^3 - 2*q^4 - q^7 + O(q^8)
        sage: f(3,3)
        q - 2*q^2 - 3*q^3 + 2*q^4 - 2*q^5 + 6*q^6 - q^7 + O(q^8)
        sage: f(1,2)
        q^2 + 2*q^3 - 2*q^4 + q^5 - 3*q^6 + O(q^8)

        sage: S = ModularSymbols(Gamma1(13),2,sign=-1).cuspidal_submodule()
        sage: f = S.q_expansion_cuspforms(8)
        sage: f(0,0)
        q - 2*q^2 + q^4 - q^5 + 2*q^6 + O(q^8)
        sage: f(0,1)
        q^2 - 2*q^3 - q^4 + 2*q^5 + 2*q^6 + O(q^8)

        sage: S = ModularSymbols(1,12,sign=-1).cuspidal_submodule()
        sage: f = S.q_expansion_cuspforms(8)
        sage: f(0,0)
        q - 24*q^2 + 252*q^3 - 1472*q^4 + 4830*q^5 - 6048*q^6 - 16744*q^7 + O(q^8)

  `q_expansion_module`(prec=None, R=None)

    Return a basis over R for the space spanned by the coefficient vectors of the \(q\)-expansions corresponding to self. If R is not the base ring of self, returns the restriction of scalars down to R (for this, self must have base ring \(\QQ\) or a number field).

    INPUT:

    - `self` - must be cuspidal
    - `prec` - an integer (default: self.default_prec())
    - `R` - either ZZ, QQ, or the base_ring of self (which is the default)

    OUTPUT: A free module over R.

    TODO - extend to more general R (though that is fairly easy for the user to get by just doing base_extend or change_ring on the output of this function).

    Note that the prec needed to distinguish elements of the restricted-down-to-R basis may be bigger than `self.hecke_bound()`, since one must use the Sturm bound for modular forms on \(\Gamma_H(N)\).

    EXAMPLES WITH SIGN 1 and R=QQ:

    Basic example with sign 1:

        sage: M = ModularSymbols(11, sign=1).cuspidal_submodule()
        sage: M.q_expansion_module(5, QQ)
        Vector space of degree 5 and dimension 1 over Rational Field
        Basis matrix:
        [ 0  1 -2 -1  2]

    Same example with sign -1:

        sage: M = ModularSymbols(11, sign=-1).cuspidal_submodule()
        sage: M.q_expansion_module(5, QQ)
        Vector space of degree 5 and dimension 1 over Rational Field
        Basis matrix:
        [ 0  1 -2 -1  2]

    An example involving old forms:

        sage: M = ModularSymbols(22, sign=1).cuspidal_submodule()
        sage: M.q_expansion_module(5, QQ)
        Vector space of degree 5 and dimension 2 over Rational Field
        Basis matrix:
        [ 0  1  0 -1 -2]
        [ 0  0  1  0 -2]

    An example that (somewhat spuriously) is over a number field:

        sage: x = polygen(QQ)
        sage: k = NumberField(x^2+1, 'a')
        sage: M = ModularSymbols(11, base_ring=k, sign=1).cuspidal_submodule()
        sage: M.q_expansion_module(5, QQ)
        Vector space of degree 5 and dimension 1 over Rational Field
        Basis matrix:
        [ 0  1 -2 -1  2]

    An example that involves an eigenform with coefficients in a number field:

        sage: M = ModularSymbols(23, sign=1).cuspidal_submodule()
        sage: M.q_eigenform(4, 'gamma')
        q + gamma*q^2 + (-2*gamma - 1)*q^3 + O(q^4)
        sage: M.q_expansion_module(11, QQ)
        Vector space of degree 11 and dimension 2 over Rational Field
        Basis matrix:
        [ 0  1  0 -1 -1  0 -2  2 -1  2  2]
        [ 0  0  1 -2 -1  2  1  2 -2  0 -2]

    An example that is genuinely over a base field besides QQ.

        sage: eps = DirichletGroup(11).0
        sage: M = ModularSymbols(eps,3,sign=1).cuspidal_submodule(); M
        Modular Symbols subspace of dimension 1 of Modular Symbols space of dimension 2 and level 11, weight 3, character [zeta10], sign 1, over Cyclotomic Field of order 10 and degree 4
        sage: M.q_eigenform(4, 'beta')
        q + (-zeta10^3 + 2*zeta10^2 - 2*zeta10)*q^2 + (2*zeta10^3 - 3*zeta10^2 + 3*zeta10 - 2)*q^3 + O(q^4)
        sage: M.q_expansion_module(7, QQ)
        Vector space of degree 7 and dimension 4 over Rational Field
        Basis matrix:
        [  0   1   0   0   0 -40  64]
        [  0   0   1   0   0 -24  41]
        [  0   0   0   1   0 -12  21]
        [  0   0   0   0   1  -4   4]

    An example involving an eigenform rational over the base, but the base is not QQ.

        sage: k.<a> = NumberField(x^2-5)
        sage: M = ModularSymbols(23, base_ring=k, sign=1).cuspidal_submodule()
        sage: D = M.decomposition(); D
        [
        Modular Symbols subspace of dimension 1 of Modular Symbols space of dimension 3 for Gamma_0(23) of weight 2 with sign 1 over Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^2 - 5,
        Modular Symbols subspace of dimension 1 of Modular Symbols space of dimension 3 for Gamma_0(23) of weight 2 with sign 1 over Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^2 - 5
        ]
        sage: M.q_expansion_module(8, QQ)
        Vector space of degree 8 and dimension 2 over Rational Field
        Basis matrix:
        [ 0  1  0 -1 -1  0 -2  2]
        [ 0  0  1 -2 -1  2  1  2]

    An example involving an eigenform not rational over the base and for which the base is not QQ.

        sage: eps = DirichletGroup(25).0^2
        sage: M = ModularSymbols(eps,2,sign=1).cuspidal_submodule(); M
        Modular Symbols subspace of dimension 2 of Modular Symbols space of dimension 4 and level 25, weight 2, character [zeta10], sign 1, over Cyclotomic Field of order 10 and degree 4
        sage: D = M.decomposition(); D
        [
        Modular Symbols subspace of dimension 2 of Modular Symbols space of dimension 4 and level 25, weight 2, character [zeta10], sign 1, over Cyclotomic Field of order 10 and degree 4
        ]
        sage: D[0].q_eigenform(4, 'mu')
        q + mu*q^2 + ((zeta10^3 + zeta10 - 1)*mu + zeta10^2 - 1)*q^3 + O(q^4)
        sage: D[0].q_expansion_module(11, QQ)
        Vector space of degree 11 and dimension 8 over Rational Field
        Basis matrix:
        [  0   1   0   0   0   0   0   0 -20  -3   0]
        [  0   0   1   0   0   0   0   0 -16  -1   0]
        [  0   0   0   1   0   0   0   0 -11  -2   0]
        [  0   0   0   0   1   0   0   0  -8  -1   0]
        [  0   0   0   0   0   1   0   0  -5  -1   0]
        [  0   0   0   0   0   0   1   0  -3  -1   0]
        [  0   0   0   0   0   0   0   1  -2   0   0]
        [  0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   1]
        sage: D[0].q_expansion_module(11)
        Vector space of degree 11 and dimension 2 over Cyclotomic Field of order 10 and degree 4
        Basis matrix:
        [                                  0                                   1                                   0                        zeta10^2 - 1                       -zeta10^2 - 1                -zeta10^3 - zeta10^2                   zeta10^2 - zeta10           2*zeta10^3 + 2*zeta10 - 1    zeta10^3 - zeta10^2 - zeta10 + 1        zeta10^3 - zeta10^2 + zeta10   -2*zeta10^3 + 2*zeta10^2 - zeta10]
        [                                  0                                   0                                   1               zeta10^3 + zeta10 - 1                         -zeta10 - 1                -zeta10^3 - zeta10^2 -2*zeta10^3 + zeta10^2 - zeta10 + 1                            zeta10^2                                   0                        zeta10^3 + 1  2*zeta10^3 - zeta10^2 + zeta10 - 1]

    EXAMPLES WITH SIGN 0 and R=QQ:

    TODO - this doesn’t work yet as it’s not implemented!!

        sage: M = ModularSymbols(11,2).cuspidal_submodule() #not tested
        sage: M.q_expansion_module() #not tested
        ... boom ...

    EXAMPLES WITH SIGN 1 and R=ZZ (computes saturation):

        sage: M = ModularSymbols(43,2, sign=1).cuspidal_submodule()
        sage: M.q_expansion_module(8, QQ)
        Vector space of degree 8 and dimension 3 over Rational Field
        Basis matrix:
        [   0    1    0    0    0    2   -2   -2]
        [   0    0    1    0 -1/2    1 -3/2    0]
        [   0    0    0    1 -1/2    2 -3/2   -1]
        sage: M.q_expansion_module(8, ZZ)
        Free module of degree 8 and rank 3 over Integer Ring
        Echelon basis matrix:
        [ 0  1  0  0  0  2 -2 -2]
        [ 0  0  1  1 -1  3 -3 -1]
        [ 0  0  0  2 -1  4 -3 -2]

  `rational_period_mapping`()

    Return the rational period mapping associated to self.

    This is a homomorphism to a vector space whose kernel is the same as the kernel of the period mapping associated to self. For this to exist, self must be Hecke equivariant.

    Use `integral_period_mapping` to obtain a homomorphism to a \(\ZZ\)-module, normalized so the image of integral modular symbols is exactly \(\ZZ^n\).

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: M = ModularSymbols(37)
        sage: A = M[1]; A
        Modular Symbols subspace of dimension 2 of Modular Symbols space of dimension 5 for Gamma_0(37) of weight 2 with sign 0 over Rational Field
        sage: r = A.rational_period_mapping(); r
        Rational period mapping associated to Modular Symbols subspace of dimension 2 of Modular Symbols space of dimension 5 for Gamma_0(37) of weight 2 with sign 0 over Rational Field
        sage: r(M.0)
        (0, 0)
        sage: r(M.1)
        (1, 0)
        sage: r.matrix()
        [ 0  0]
        [ 1  0]
        [ 0  1]
        [-1 -1]
        [ 0  0]
        sage: r.domain()
        Modular Symbols space of dimension 5 for Gamma_0(37) of weight 2 with sign 0 over Rational Field
        sage: r.codomain()
        Vector space of degree 2 and dimension 2 over Rational Field
        Basis matrix:
        [1 0]
        [0 1]

  `set_default_prec`(prec)

    Set the default precision for computation of \(q\)-expansion associated to the ambient space of this space of modular symbols (and all subspaces).

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: M = ModularSymbols(Gamma1(13),2)
        sage: M.set_default_prec(5)
        sage: M.cuspidal_submodule().q_expansion_basis()
        [
        q - 4*q^3 - q^4 + O(q^5),
        q^2 - 2*q^3 - q^4 + O(q^5)
        ]

  `set_precision`(prec)

    Same as self.set_default_prec(prec).

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: M = ModularSymbols(17,2)
        sage: M.cuspidal_submodule().q_expansion_basis()
        [
        q - q^2 - q^4 - 2*q^5 + 4*q^7 + O(q^8)
        ]
        sage: M.set_precision(10)
        sage: M.cuspidal_submodule().q_expansion_basis()
        [
        q - q^2 - q^4 - 2*q^5 + 4*q^7 + 3*q^8 - 3*q^9 + O(q^10)
        ]

  `sign`()

    Returns the sign of self.

    For efficiency reasons, it is often useful to compute in the (largest) quotient of modular symbols where the * involution acts as +1, or where it acts as -1.

    INPUT:

    - `ModularSymbols self` - arbitrary space of modular symbols.

    OUTPUT:

    - `int` - the sign of self, either -1, 0, or 1.
    - `-1` - if this is factor of quotient where * acts as -1,
    - `+1` - if this is factor of quotient where * acts as +1,
    - `0` - if this is full space of modular symbols (no quotient).

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: m = ModularSymbols(33)
        sage: m.rank()
        9
        sage: m.sign()
        0
        sage: m = ModularSymbols(33, sign=0)
        sage: m.sign()
        0
        sage: m.rank()
        9
        sage: m = ModularSymbols(33, sign=-1)
        sage: m.sign()
        -1
        sage: m.rank()
        3

  `sign_submodule`(sign, compute_dual=True)

    Return the subspace of self that is fixed under the star involution.

    INPUT:

    - `sign` - int (either -1, 0 or +1)
    - `compute_dual` - bool (default: True) also compute dual subspace. This are useful for many algorithms.

    OUTPUT: subspace of modular symbols

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: M = ModularSymbols(29,2)
        sage: M.sign_submodule(1)
        Modular Symbols subspace of dimension 3 of Modular Symbols space of dimension 5 for Gamma_0(29) of weight 2 with sign 0 over Rational Field
        sage: M.sign_submodule(-1)
        Modular Symbols subspace of dimension 2 of Modular Symbols space of dimension 5 for Gamma_0(29) of weight 2 with sign 0 over Rational Field
        sage: M.sign_submodule(-1).sign()
        -1

  `simple_factors`()

    Returns a list modular symbols spaces \(S\) where \(S\) is simple spaces of modular symbols (for the anemic Hecke algebra) and self is isomorphic to the direct sum of the \(S\) with some multiplicities, as a module over the anemic Hecke algebra. For the multiplicities use factorization() instead.

    ASSUMPTION: self is a module over the anemic Hecke algebra.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: ModularSymbols(1,100,sign=-1).simple_factors()
        [Modular Symbols subspace of dimension 8 of Modular Symbols space of dimension 8 for Gamma_0(1) of weight 100 with sign -1 over Rational Field]
        sage: ModularSymbols(1,16,0,GF(5)).simple_factors()
        [Modular Symbols subspace of dimension 1 of Modular Symbols space of dimension 3 for Gamma_0(1) of weight 16 with sign 0 over Finite Field of size 5,
        Modular Symbols subspace of dimension 1 of Modular Symbols space of dimension 3 for Gamma_0(1) of weight 16 with sign 0 over Finite Field of size 5,
        Modular Symbols subspace of dimension 1 of Modular Symbols space of dimension 3 for Gamma_0(1) of weight 16 with sign 0 over Finite Field of size 5]

  `star_decomposition`()

    Decompose self into subspaces which are eigenspaces for the star involution.

    EXAMPLE:

        sage: ModularSymbols(Gamma1(19), 2).cuspidal_submodule().star_decomposition()
        [
        Modular Symbols subspace of dimension 7 of Modular Symbols space of dimension 31 for Gamma_1(19) of weight 2 with sign 0 and over Rational Field,
        Modular Symbols subspace of dimension 7 of Modular Symbols space of dimension 31 for Gamma_1(19) of weight 2 with sign 0 and over Rational Field
        ]

  `star_eigenvalues`()

    Returns the eigenvalues of the star involution acting on self.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: M = ModularSymbols(11)
        sage: D = M.decomposition()
        sage: M.star_eigenvalues()
        [1, -1]
        sage: D[0].star_eigenvalues()
        [1]
        sage: D[1].star_eigenvalues()
        [1, -1]
        sage: D[1].plus_submodule().star_eigenvalues()
        [1]
        sage: D[1].minus_submodule().star_eigenvalues()
        [-1]

  `star_involution`()

    Return the star involution on self, which is induced by complex conjugation on modular symbols. Not implemented in this abstract base class.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: M = ModularSymbols(11, 2); sage.modular.modsym.space.ModularSymbolsSpace.star_involution(M)
        Traceback (most recent call last):
        ...
        NotImplementedError

  `sturm_bound`()

    Returns the Sturm bound for this space of modular symbols.

    Type `sturm_bound?` for more details.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: ModularSymbols(11,2).sturm_bound()
        2
        sage: ModularSymbols(389,2).sturm_bound()
        65
        sage: ModularSymbols(1,12).sturm_bound()
        1
        sage: ModularSymbols(1,36).sturm_bound()
        3
        sage: ModularSymbols(DirichletGroup(31).0^2).sturm_bound()
        6
        sage: ModularSymbols(Gamma1(31)).sturm_bound()
        160

class `sage.modular.modsym.space.``PeriodMapping`(modsym, A)

  Bases: `sage.structure.sage_object.SageObject`

  Base class for representing a period mapping attached to a space of modular symbols. To be used via the derived classes RationalPeriodMapping and IntegralPeriodMapping.

  `codomain`()

    Return the codomain of this mapping.

    EXAMPLE:

    Note that this presently returns the wrong answer, as a consequence of various bugs in the free module routines:

        sage: ModularSymbols(11, 2).cuspidal_submodule().integral_period_mapping().codomain()
        Vector space of degree 2 and dimension 2 over Rational Field
        Basis matrix:
        [1 0]
        [0 1]

  `domain`()

    Return the domain of this mapping (which is the ambient space of the corresponding modular symbols space).

    EXAMPLE:

        sage: ModularSymbols(17, 2).cuspidal_submodule().integral_period_mapping().domain()
        Modular Symbols space of dimension 3 for Gamma_0(17) of weight 2 with sign 0 over Rational Field

  `matrix`()

    Return the matrix of this period mapping.

    EXAMPLE:

        sage: ModularSymbols(11, 2).cuspidal_submodule().integral_period_mapping().matrix()
        [  0 1/5]
        [  1   0]
        [  0   1]

  `modular_symbols_space`()

    Return the space of modular symbols to which this period mapping corresponds.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: ModularSymbols(17, 2).rational_period_mapping().modular_symbols_space()
        Modular Symbols space of dimension 3 for Gamma_0(17) of weight 2 with sign 0 over Rational Field

class `sage.modular.modsym.space.``RationalPeriodMapping`(modsym, A)

  Bases: `sage.modular.modsym.space.PeriodMapping`

  Standard initialisation function.

  INPUT:

  - `modsym` - a space of modular symbols
  - `A` - matrix of the associated period map

  EXAMPLE:

      sage: ModularSymbols(2, 8).cuspidal_submodule().integral_period_mapping() # indirect doctest
      Integral period mapping associated to Modular Symbols subspace of dimension 2 of Modular Symbols space of dimension 4 for Gamma_0(2) of weight 8 with sign 0 over Rational Field

`sage.modular.modsym.space.``is_ModularSymbolsSpace`(x)

  Return True if x is a space of modular symbols.

  EXAMPLES:

      sage: M = ModularForms(3, 2)
      sage: sage.modular.modsym.space.is_ModularSymbolsSpace(M)
      False
      sage: sage.modular.modsym.space.is_ModularSymbolsSpace(M.modular_symbols(sign=1))
      True

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