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# The Elliptic Curve Factorization Method

The elliptic curve factorization method (ECM) is the fastest way to factor a known composite integer if one of the factors is relatively small (up to approximately 80 bits / 25 decimal digits). To factor an arbitrary integer it must be combined with a primality test. The `ECM.factor()` method is an example for how to combine ECM with a primality test to compute the prime factorization of integers.

Sage includes GMP-ECM, which is a highly optimized implementation of Lenstra’s elliptic curve factorization method. See http://ecm.gforge.inria.fr for more about GMP-ECM.

AUTHORS:

These people wrote GMP-ECM: Pierrick Gaudry, Jim Fougeron, Laurent Fousse, Alexander Kruppa, Dave Newman, Paul Zimmermann

BUGS:

Output from ecm is non-deterministic. Doctests should set the random seed, but currently there is no facility to do so.

class `sage.interfaces.ecm.``ECM`(B1=10, B2=None, **kwds)

  Bases: `sage.structure.sage_object.SageObject`

  Create an interface to the GMP-ECM elliptic curve method factorization program.

  See http://ecm.gforge.inria.fr

  INPUT:

  - `B1` – integer. Stage 1 bound
  - `B2` – integer. Stage 2 bound (or interval B2min-B2max)

  In addition the following keyword arguments can be used:

  - `x0` – integer \(x\). use \(x\) as initial point
  - `sigma` – integer \(s\). Use s as curve generator [ecm]
  - `A` – integer \(a\). Use a as curve parameter [ecm]
  - `k` – integer \(n\). Perform \(>= n\) steps in stage 2
  - `power` – integer \(n\). Use \(x^n\) for Brent-Suyama’s extension
  - `dickson` – integer \(n\). Use \(n\)-th Dickson’s polynomial for Brent-Suyama’s extension
  - `c` – integer \(n\). Perform \(n\) runs for each input
  - `pm1` – boolean. perform P-1 instead of ECM
  - `pp1` – boolean. perform P+1 instead of ECM
  - `q` – boolean. quiet mode
  - `v` – boolean. verbose mode
  - `timestamp` – boolean. print a time stamp with each number
  - `mpzmod` – boolean. use GMP’s mpz_mod for mod reduction
  - `modmuln` – boolean. use Montgomery’s MODMULN for mod reduction
  - `redc` – boolean. use Montgomery’s REDC for mod reduction
  - `nobase2` – boolean. Disable special base-2 code
  - `base2` – integer \(n\). Force base 2 mode with 2^n+1 (n>0) or 2^n-1 (n<0)
  - `save` – string filename. Save residues at end of stage 1 to file
  - `savea` – string filename. Like -save, appends to existing files
  - `resume` – string filename. Resume residues from file, reads from stdin if file is “-“
  - `primetest` – boolean. Perform a primality test on input
  - `treefile` – string. Store product tree of F in files f.0 f.1 ...
  - `i` – integer. increment B1 by this constant on each run
  - `I` – integer \(f\). auto-calculated increment for B1 multiplied by \(f\) scale factor.
  - `inp` – string. Use file as input (instead of redirecting stdin)
  - `b` – boolean. Use breadth-first mode of file processing
  - `d` – boolean. Use depth-first mode of file processing (default)
  - `one` – boolean. Stop processing a candidate if a factor is found (looping mode )
  - `n` – boolean. Run ecm in ‘nice’ mode (below normal priority)
  - `nn` – boolean. Run ecm in ‘very nice’ mode (idle priority)
  - `t` – integer \(n\). Trial divide candidates before P-1, P+1 or ECM up to \(n\).
  - `ve` – integer \(n\). Verbosely show short (\(< n\) character) expressions on each loop
  - `cofdec` – boolean. Force cofactor output in decimal (even if expressions are used )
  - `B2scale` – integer. Multiplies the default B2 value
  - `go` – integer. Preload with group order val, which can be a simple expression, or can use N as a placeholder for the number being factored.
  - `prp` – string. use shell command cmd to do large primality tests
  - `prplen` – integer. only candidates longer than this number of digits are ‘large’
  - `prpval` – integer. value>=0 which indicates the prp command foundnumber to be PRP.
  - `prptmp` – file. outputs n value to temp file prior to running (NB. gets deleted)
  - `prplog` – file. otherwise get PRP results from this file (NB. gets deleted)
  - `prpyes` – string. Literal string found in prplog file when number is PRP
  - `prpno` – string. Literal string found in prplog file when number is composite
  `factor`(n, factor_digits=None, B1=2000, proof=False, **kwds)

    Return a probable prime factorization of \(n\).

    Combines GMP-ECM with a primality test, see `is_prime()`. The primality test is provable or probabilistic depending on the \(proof\) flag.

    Moreover, for small \(n\) PARI is used directly.

    Warning

    There is no mathematical guarantee that the factors returned are actually prime if `proof=False` (default). It is extremely likely, though. Currently, there are no known examples where this fails.

    INPUT:

    - `n` – a positive integer
    - `factor_digits` – integer or `None` (default). Optional guess at how many digits are in the smallest factor.
    - `B1` – initial lower bound, defaults to 2000 (15 digit factors). Used if `factor_digits` is not specified.
    - `proof` – boolean (default: `False`). Whether to prove that the factors are prime.
    - `kwds` – keyword arguments to pass to ecm-gmp. See help for `ECM` for more details.

    OUTPUT:

    A list of integers whose product is n.

    Note

    Trial division should typically be performed, but this is not implemented (yet) in this method.

    If you suspect that n is the product of two similarly-sized primes, other methods (such as a quadratic sieve – use the qsieve command) will usually be faster.

    The best known algorithm for factoring in the case where all factors are large is the general number field sieve. This is not implemented in Sage; You probably want to use a cluster for problems of this size.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: ecm.factor(602400691612422154516282778947806249229526581)
        [45949729863572179, 13109994191499930367061460439]
        sage: ecm.factor((2^197 + 1)/3)  # long time
        [197002597249, 1348959352853811313, 251951573867253012259144010843]
        sage: ecm.factor(179427217^13) == [179427217] * 13
        True

  `find_factor`(n, factor_digits=None, B1=2000, **kwds)

    Return a factor of n.

    See also `factor()` if you want a prime factorization of \(n\).

    INPUT:

    - `n` – a positive integer,
    - `factor_digits` – integer or `None` (default). Decimal digits estimate of the wanted factor.
    - `B1` – integer. Stage 1 bound (default 2000). This is used as bound if `factor_digits` is not specified.
    - `kwds` – optional keyword parameters.

    OUTPUT:

    List of integers whose product is n. For certain lengths of the factor, this is the best algorithm to find a factor.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: f = ECM()
        sage: n = 508021860739623467191080372196682785441177798407961
        sage: f.find_factor(n)
        [79792266297612017, 6366805760909027985741435139224233]

    Note that the input number can’t have more than 4095 digits:

        sage: f=2^2^14+1
        sage: ecm.find_factor(f)
        Traceback (most recent call last):
        ...
        ValueError: n must have at most 4095 digits

  `get_last_params`()

    Return the parameters (including the curve) of the last ecm run.

    In the case that the number was factored successfully, this will return the parameters that yielded the factorization.

    OUTPUT:

    A dictionary containing the parameters for the most recent factorization.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: ecm.factor((2^197 + 1)/3)             # long time
        [197002597249, 1348959352853811313, 251951573867253012259144010843]
        sage: ecm.get_last_params()                 # random output
        {'poly': 'x^1', 'sigma': '1785694449', 'B1': '8885', 'B2': '1002846'}

  `interact`()

    Interactively interact with the ECM program.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: ecm.interact()    # not tested

  `one_curve`(n, factor_digits=None, B1=2000, algorithm='ECM', **kwds)

    Run one single ECM (or P-1/P+1) curve on input n.

    Note that trying a single curve is not particularly useful by itself. One typically needs to run over thousands of trial curves to factor \(n\).

    INPUT:

    - `n` – a positive integer
    - `factor_digits` – integer. Decimal digits estimate of the wanted factor.
    - `B1` – integer. Stage 1 bound (default 2000)
    - `algorithm` – either “ECM” (default), “P-1” or “P+1”

    OUTPUT:

    a list `[p, q]` where p and q are integers and n = p * q. If no factor was found, then p = 1 and q = n.

    Warning

    Neither p nor q in the output is guaranteed to be prime.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: f = ECM()
        sage: n = 508021860739623467191080372196682785441177798407961
        sage: f.one_curve(n, B1=10000, sigma=11)
        [1, 508021860739623467191080372196682785441177798407961]
        sage: f.one_curve(n, B1=10000, sigma=1022170541)
        [79792266297612017, 6366805760909027985741435139224233]
        sage: n = 432132887883903108009802143314445113500016816977037257
        sage: f.one_curve(n, B1=500000, algorithm="P-1")
        [67872792749091946529, 6366805760909027985741435139224233]
        sage: n = 2088352670731726262548647919416588631875815083
        sage: f.one_curve(n, B1=2000, algorithm="P+1", x0=5)
        [328006342451, 6366805760909027985741435139224233]

  `recommended_B1`(factor_digits)

    Return recommended `B1` setting.

    INPUT:

    - `factor_digits` – integer. Number of digits.

    OUTPUT:

    Integer. Recommended settings from http://www.mersennewiki.org/index.php/Elliptic_Curve_Method

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: ecm.recommended_B1(33)
        1000000

  `time`(n, factor_digits, verbose=False)

    Print a runtime estimate.

    BUGS:

    This method should really return something and not just print stuff on the screen.

    INPUT:

    - `n` – a positive integer
    - `factor_digits` – the (estimated) number of digits of the smallest factor

    OUTPUT:

    An approximation for the amount of time it will take to find a factor of size factor_digits in a single process on the current computer. This estimate is provided by GMP-ECM’s verbose option on a single run of a curve.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: n = next_prime(11^23)*next_prime(11^37)
        sage: ecm.time(n, 35)                  # random output
        Expected curves: 910, Expected time: 23.95m

        sage: ecm.time(n, 30, verbose=True)     # random output
        GMP-ECM 6.4.4 [configured with MPIR 2.6.0, --enable-asm-redc] [ECM]
        Running on localhost.localdomain
        Input number is 304481639541418099574459496544854621998616257489887231115912293 (63 digits)
        Using MODMULN [mulredc:0, sqrredc:0]
        Using B1=250000, B2=128992510, polynomial Dickson(3), sigma=3244548117
        dF=2048, k=3, d=19110, d2=11, i0=3
        Expected number of curves to find a factor of n digits:
        35  40  45  50  55  60  65  70  75  80
        4911  70940  1226976  2.5e+07  5.8e+08  1.6e+10  2.7e+13  4e+18  5.4e+23  Inf
        Step 1 took 230ms
        Using 10 small primes for NTT
        Estimated memory usage: 4040K
        Initializing tables of differences for F took 0ms
        Computing roots of F took 9ms
        Building F from its roots took 16ms
        Computing 1/F took 9ms
        Initializing table of differences for G took 0ms
        Computing roots of G took 8ms
        Building G from its roots took 16ms
        Computing roots of G took 7ms
        Building G from its roots took 16ms
        Computing G * H took 6ms
        Reducing  G * H mod F took 5ms
        Computing roots of G took 7ms
        Building G from its roots took 17ms
        Computing G * H took 5ms
        Reducing  G * H mod F took 5ms
        Computing polyeval(F,G) took 34ms
        Computing product of all F(g_i) took 0ms
        Step 2 took 164ms
        Expected time to find a factor of n digits:
        35  40  45  50  55  60  65  70  75  80
        32.25m  7.76h  5.60d  114.21d  7.27y  196.42y  337811y  5e+10y  7e+15y  Inf
        <BLANKLINE>
        Expected curves: 4911, Expected time: 32.25m

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