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# Isolate Complex Roots of Polynomials

AUTHOR:

- Carl Witty (2007-11-18): initial version

This is an implementation of complex root isolation. That is, given a polynomial with exact complex coefficients, we compute isolating intervals for the complex roots of the polynomial. (Polynomials with integer, rational, Gaussian rational, or algebraic coefficients are supported.)

We use a simple algorithm. First, we compute a squarefree decomposition of the input polynomial; the resulting polynomials have no multiple roots. Then, we find the roots numerically, using NumPy (at low precision) or Pari (at high precision). Then, we verify the roots using interval arithmetic.

EXAMPLES:

    sage: x = polygen(ZZ)
    sage: (x^5 - x - 1).roots(ring=CIF)
    [(1.167303978261419?, 1), (-0.764884433600585? - 0.352471546031727?*I, 1), (-0.764884433600585? + 0.352471546031727?*I, 1), (0.181232444469876? - 1.083954101317711?*I, 1), (0.181232444469876? + 1.083954101317711?*I, 1)]

`sage.rings.polynomial.complex_roots.``complex_roots`(p, skip_squarefree=False, retval='interval', min_prec=0)

  Compute the complex roots of a given polynomial with exact coefficients (integer, rational, Gaussian rational, and algebraic coefficients are supported). Returns a list of pairs of a root and its multiplicity.

  Roots are returned as a ComplexIntervalFieldElement; each interval includes exactly one root, and the intervals are disjoint.

  By default, the algorithm will do a squarefree decomposition to get squarefree polynomials. The skip_squarefree parameter lets you skip this step. (If this step is skipped, and the polynomial has a repeated root, then the algorithm will loop forever!)

  You can specify retval=’interval’ (the default) to get roots as complex intervals. The other options are retval=’algebraic’ to get elements of QQbar, or retval=’algebraic_real’ to get only the real roots, and to get them as elements of AA.

  EXAMPLES:

      sage: from sage.rings.polynomial.complex_roots import complex_roots
      sage: x = polygen(ZZ)
      sage: complex_roots(x^5 - x - 1)
      [(1.167303978261419?, 1), (-0.764884433600585? - 0.352471546031727?*I, 1), (-0.764884433600585? + 0.352471546031727?*I, 1), (0.181232444469876? - 1.083954101317711?*I, 1), (0.181232444469876? + 1.083954101317711?*I, 1)]
      sage: v=complex_roots(x^2 + 27*x + 181)

  Unfortunately due to numerical noise there can be a small imaginary part to each root depending on CPU, compiler, etc, and that affects the printing order. So we verify the real part of each root and check that the imaginary part is small in both cases:

      sage: v # random
      [(-14.61803398874990?..., 1), (-12.3819660112501...? + 0.?e-27*I, 1)]
      sage: sorted((v[0][0].real(),v[1][0].real()))
      [-14.61803398874989?, -12.3819660112501...?]
      sage: v[0][0].imag() < 1e25
      True
      sage: v[1][0].imag() < 1e25
      True

      sage: K.<im> = NumberField(x^2 + 1)
      sage: eps = 1/2^100
      sage: x = polygen(K)
      sage: p = (x-1)*(x-1-eps)*(x-1+eps)*(x-1-eps*im)*(x-1+eps*im)

  This polynomial actually has all-real coefficients, and is very, very close to (x-1)^5:

      sage: [RR(QQ(a)) for a in list(p - (x-1)^5)]
      [3.87259191484932e-121, -3.87259191484932e-121]
      sage: rts = complex_roots(p)
      sage: [ComplexIntervalField(10)(rt[0] - 1) for rt in rts]
      [-7.8887?e-31, 0, 7.8887?e-31, -7.8887?e-31*I, 7.8887?e-31*I]

  We can get roots either as intervals, or as elements of QQbar or AA.

      sage: p = (x^2 + x - 1)
      sage: p = p * p(x*im)
      sage: p
      -x^4 + (im - 1)*x^3 + im*x^2 + (-im - 1)*x + 1

  Two of the roots have a zero real component; two have a zero imaginary component. These zero components will be found slightly inaccurately, and the exact values returned are very sensitive to the (non-portable) results of NumPy. So we post-process the roots for printing, to get predictable doctest results.

      sage: def tiny(x):
      ...       return x.contains_zero() and x.absolute_diameter() <  1e-14
      sage: def smash(x):
      ...       x = CIF(x[0]) # discard multiplicity
      ...       if tiny(x.imag()): return x.real()
      ...       if tiny(x.real()): return CIF(0, x.imag())
      sage: rts = complex_roots(p); type(rts[0][0]), sorted(map(smash, rts))
      (<type 'sage.rings.complex_interval.ComplexIntervalFieldElement'>, [-1.618033988749895?, -0.618033988749895?*I, 1.618033988749895?*I, 0.618033988749895?])
      sage: rts = complex_roots(p, retval='algebraic'); type(rts[0][0]), sorted(map(smash, rts))
      (<class 'sage.rings.qqbar.AlgebraicNumber'>, [-1.618033988749895?, -0.618033988749895?*I, 1.618033988749895?*I, 0.618033988749895?])
      sage: rts = complex_roots(p, retval='algebraic_real'); type(rts[0][0]), rts
      (<class 'sage.rings.qqbar.AlgebraicReal'>, [(-1.618033988749895?, 1), (0.618033988749895?, 1)])

  TESTS:

  Verify that trac 12026 is fixed:

      sage: f = matrix(QQ, 8, lambda i, j: 1/(i + j + 1)).charpoly()
      sage: from sage.rings.polynomial.complex_roots import complex_roots
      sage: len(complex_roots(f))
      8

`sage.rings.polynomial.complex_roots.``interval_roots`(p, rts, prec)

  We are given a squarefree polynomial p, a list of estimated roots, and a precision.

  We attempt to verify that the estimated roots are in fact distinct roots of the polynomial, using interval arithmetic of precision prec. If we succeed, we return a list of intervals bounding the roots; if we fail, we return None.

  EXAMPLES:

      sage: x = polygen(ZZ)
      sage: p = x^3 - 1
      sage: rts = [CC.zeta(3)^i for i in range(0, 3)]
      sage: from sage.rings.polynomial.complex_roots import interval_roots
      sage: interval_roots(p, rts, 53)
      [1, -0.500000000000000? + 0.866025403784439?*I, -0.500000000000000? - 0.866025403784439?*I]
      sage: interval_roots(p, rts, 200)
      [1, -0.500000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000? + 0.866025403784438646763723170752936183471402626905190314027904?*I, -0.500000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000? - 0.866025403784438646763723170752936183471402626905190314027904?*I]

`sage.rings.polynomial.complex_roots.``intervals_disjoint`(intvs)

  Given a list of complex intervals, check whether they are pairwise disjoint.

  EXAMPLES:

      sage: from sage.rings.polynomial.complex_roots import intervals_disjoint
      sage: a = CIF(RIF(0, 3), 0)
      sage: b = CIF(0, RIF(1, 3))
      sage: c = CIF(RIF(1, 2), RIF(1, 2))
      sage: d = CIF(RIF(2, 3), RIF(2, 3))
      sage: intervals_disjoint([a,b,c,d])
      False
      sage: d2 = CIF(RIF(2, 3), RIF(2.001, 3))
      sage: intervals_disjoint([a,b,c,d2])
      True

`sage.rings.polynomial.complex_roots.``refine_root`(ip, ipd, irt, fld)

  We are given a polynomial and its derivative (with complex interval coefficients), an estimated root, and a complex interval field to use in computations. We use interval arithmetic to refine the root and prove that we have in fact isolated a unique root.

  If we succeed, we return the isolated root; if we fail, we return None.

  EXAMPLES:

      sage: from sage.rings.polynomial.complex_roots import *
      sage: x = polygen(ZZ)
      sage: p = x^9 - 1
      sage: ip = CIF['x'](p); ip
      x^9 - 1
      sage: ipd = CIF['x'](p.derivative()); ipd
      9*x^8
      sage: irt = CIF(CC(cos(2*pi/9), sin(2*pi/9))); irt
      0.76604444311897802? + 0.64278760968653926?*I
      sage: ip(irt)
      0.?e-14 + 0.?e-14*I
      sage: ipd(irt)
      6.89439998807080? - 5.78508848717885?*I
      sage: refine_root(ip, ipd, irt, CIF)
      0.766044443118978? + 0.642787609686540?*I

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