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# Graphics objects

This file contains the definition of the classes `Graphics` and `GraphicsArray`. Usually, you don’t create these classes directly (although you can do it), you would use `plot()` or `graphics_array()` instead.

AUTHORS:

- Jeroen Demeyer (2012-04-19): split off this file from plot.py (trac ticket #12857)
- Punarbasu Purkayastha (2012-05-20): Add logarithmic scale (trac ticket #4529)

class `sage.plot.graphics.``Graphics`

  Bases: `sage.structure.sage_object.SageObject`

  The Graphics object is an empty list of graphics objects. It is useful to use this object when initializing a for loop where different graphics object will be added to the empty object.

  EXAMPLES:

      sage: G = Graphics(); print G
      Graphics object consisting of 0 graphics primitives
      sage: c = circle((1,1), 1)
      sage: G+=c; print G
      Graphics object consisting of 1 graphics primitive

  Here we make a graphic of embedded isosceles triangles, coloring each one with a different color as we go:

      sage: h=10; c=0.4; p=0.5;
      sage: G = Graphics()
      sage: for x in srange(1,h+1):
      ....:     l = [[0,x*sqrt(3)],[-x/2,-x*sqrt(3)/2],[x/2,-x*sqrt(3)/2],[0,x*sqrt(3)]]
      ....:     G+=line(l,color=hue(c + p*(x/h)))
      sage: G.show(figsize=[5,5])

  We can change the scale of the axes in the graphics before displaying.:

      sage: G = plot(exp, 1, 10) # long time
      sage: G.show(scale='semilogy') # long time

  TESTS:

  From trac ticket #4604, ensure Graphics can handle 3d objects:

      sage: g = Graphics()
      sage: g += sphere((1, 1, 1), 2)
      sage: g.show()

  We check that graphics can be pickled (we can’t use equality on graphics so we just check that the load/dump cycle gives a `Graphics` instance):

      sage: g = Graphics()
      sage: g2 = loads(dumps(g))
      sage: g2.show()

      sage: isinstance(g2, Graphics)
      True

  `_graphics_`(mime_types=None, figsize=None, dpi=None)

    Magic graphics method.

    The presence of this method is used by the displayhook to decide that we want to see a graphical output by default.

    INPUT:

    - `mime_types` – set of mime types (as strings).
    - `figsize` – pair of integers (optional). The desired graphics size in pixels. Suggested, but need not be respected by the output.
    - `dpi` – integer (optional). The desired resolution in dots per inch. Suggested, but need not be respected by the output.

    OUTPUT:

    Return an instance of `sage.structure.graphics_file.GraphicsFile` encapsulating a suitable image file. If `mime_types` is specified, the resulting file format must match one of these.

    Alternatively, this method can return `None` to indicate that textual representation is preferable and/or no graphics with the desired mime type can be generated.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: g = Graphics()
        sage: g._graphics_()
        Graphics file image/png

        sage: [g, g]
        [Graphics object consisting of 0 graphics primitives,
         Graphics object consisting of 0 graphics primitives]

        sage: g._graphics_(mime_types={'foo/bar'}) is None
        True

  `add_primitive`(primitive)

    Adds a primitive to this graphics object.

    EXAMPLES:

    We give a very explicit example:

        sage: G = Graphics()
        sage: from sage.plot.line import Line
        sage: from sage.plot.arrow import Arrow
        sage: L = Line([3,4,2,7,-2],[1,2,e,4,5.],{'alpha':1,'thickness':2,'rgbcolor':(0,1,1),'legend_label':''})
        sage: A = Arrow(2,-5,.1,.2,{'width':3,'head':0,'rgbcolor':(1,0,0),'linestyle':'dashed','zorder':8,'legend_label':''})
        sage: G.add_primitive(L)
        sage: G.add_primitive(A)
        sage: G
        Graphics object consisting of 2 graphics primitives

  `aspect_ratio`()

    Get the current aspect ratio, which is the ratio of height to width of a unit square, or ‘automatic’.

    OUTPUT: a positive float (height/width of a unit square), or ‘automatic’ (expand to fill the figure).

    EXAMPLES:

    The default aspect ratio for a new blank Graphics object is ‘automatic’:

        sage: P = Graphics()
        sage: P.aspect_ratio()
        'automatic'

    The aspect ratio can be explicitly set different than the object’s default:

        sage: P = circle((1,1), 1)
        sage: P.aspect_ratio()
        1.0
        sage: P.set_aspect_ratio(2)
        sage: P.aspect_ratio()
        2.0
        sage: P.set_aspect_ratio('automatic')
        sage: P.aspect_ratio()
        'automatic'

  `axes`(show=None)

    Set whether or not the \(x\) and \(y\) axes are shown by default.

    INPUT:

    - `show` - bool

    If called with no input, return the current axes setting.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: L = line([(1,2), (3,-4), (2, 5), (1,2)])

    By default the axes are displayed.

        sage: L.axes()
        True

    But we turn them off, and verify that they are off

        sage: L.axes(False)
        sage: L.axes()
        False

    Displaying L now shows a triangle but no axes.

        sage: L
        Graphics object consisting of 1 graphics primitive

  `axes_color`(c=None)

    Set the axes color.

    If called with no input, return the current axes_color setting.

    INPUT:

    - `c` - an RGB color 3-tuple, where each tuple entry is a float between 0 and 1

    EXAMPLES: We create a line, which has like everything a default axes color of black.

        sage: L = line([(1,2), (3,-4), (2, 5), (1,2)])
        sage: L.axes_color()
        (0, 0, 0)

    We change the axes color to red and verify the change.

        sage: L.axes_color((1,0,0))
        sage: L.axes_color()
        (1.0, 0.0, 0.0)

    When we display the plot, we’ll see a blue triangle and bright red axes.

        sage: L
        Graphics object consisting of 1 graphics primitive

  `axes_label_color`(c=None)

    Set the color of the axes labels.

    The axes labels are placed at the edge of the x and y axes, and are not on by default (use the `axes_labels` command to set them; see the example below). This function just changes their color.

    INPUT:

    - `c` - an RGB 3-tuple of numbers between 0 and 1

    If called with no input, return the current axes_label_color setting.

    EXAMPLES: We create a plot, which by default has axes label color black.

        sage: p = plot(sin, (-1,1))
        sage: p.axes_label_color()
        (0, 0, 0)

    We change the labels to be red, and confirm this:

        sage: p.axes_label_color((1,0,0))
        sage: p.axes_label_color()
        (1.0, 0.0, 0.0)

    We set labels, since otherwise we won’t see anything.

        sage: p.axes_labels(['$x$ axis', '$y$ axis'])

    In the plot below, notice that the labels are red:

        sage: p
        Graphics object consisting of 1 graphics primitive

  `axes_labels`(l=None)

    Set the axes labels.

    INPUT:

    - `l` - (default: None) a list of two strings or None

    OUTPUT: a 2-tuple of strings

    If l is None, returns the current `axes_labels`, which is itself by default None. The default labels are both empty.

    EXAMPLES: We create a plot and put x and y axes labels on it.

        sage: p = plot(sin(x), (x, 0, 10))
        sage: p.axes_labels(['$x$','$y$'])
        sage: p.axes_labels()
        ('$x$', '$y$')

    Now when you plot p, you see x and y axes labels:

        sage: p
        Graphics object consisting of 1 graphics primitive

    Notice that some may prefer axes labels which are not typeset:

        sage: plot(sin(x), (x, 0, 10), axes_labels=['x','y'])
        Graphics object consisting of 1 graphics primitive

    TESTS:

    Unicode strings are acceptable; see trac ticket #13161. Note that this does not guarantee that matplotlib will handle the strings properly, although it should.

        sage: c = circle((0,0), 1)
        sage: c.axes_labels(['axe des abscisses', u'axe des ordonnées'])
        sage: c._axes_labels
        ('axe des abscisses', u'axe des ordonnées')

  `axes_range`(xmin=None, xmax=None, ymin=None, ymax=None)

    Set the ranges of the \(x\) and \(y\) axes.

    INPUT:

    - `xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax` - floats

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: L = line([(1,2), (3,-4), (2, 5), (1,2)])
        sage: L.set_axes_range(-1, 20, 0, 2)
        sage: d = L.get_axes_range()
        sage: d['xmin'], d['xmax'], d['ymin'], d['ymax']
        (-1.0, 20.0, 0.0, 2.0)

  `axes_width`(w=None)

    Set the axes width. Use this to draw a plot with really fat or really thin axes.

    INPUT:

    - `w` - a float

    If called with no input, return the current `axes_width` setting.

    EXAMPLE: We create a plot, see the default axes width (with funny Python float rounding), then reset the width to 10 (very fat).

        sage: p = plot(cos, (-3,3))
        sage: p.axes_width()
        0.8
        sage: p.axes_width(10)
        sage: p.axes_width()
        10.0

    Finally we plot the result, which is a graph with very fat axes.

        sage: p
        Graphics object consisting of 1 graphics primitive

  `description`()

    Print a textual description to stdout.

    This method is mostly used for doctests.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: print polytopes.n_cube(2).plot().description()
        Polygon defined by 4 points: [(1.0, 1.0), (-1.0, 1.0), (-1.0, -1.0), (1.0, -1.0)]
        Line defined by 2 points: [(-1.0, -1.0), (-1.0, 1.0)]
        Line defined by 2 points: [(-1.0, -1.0), (1.0, -1.0)]
        Line defined by 2 points: [(-1.0, 1.0), (1.0, 1.0)]
        Line defined by 2 points: [(1.0, -1.0), (1.0, 1.0)]
        Point set defined by 4 point(s): [(-1.0, -1.0), (-1.0, 1.0), (1.0, -1.0), (1.0, 1.0)]

  `fontsize`(s=None)

    Set the font size of axes labels and tick marks.

    INPUT:

    - `s` - integer, a font size in points.

    If called with no input, return the current fontsize.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: L = line([(1,2), (3,-4), (2, 5), (1,2)])
        sage: L.fontsize()
        10
        sage: L.fontsize(20)
        sage: L.fontsize()
        20

    All the numbers on the axes will be very large in this plot:

        sage: L
        Graphics object consisting of 1 graphics primitive

  `get_axes_range`()

    Returns a dictionary of the range of the axes for this graphics object. This is fall back to the ranges in get_minmax_data() for any value which the user has not explicitly set.

    Warning

    Changing the dictionary returned by this function does not change the axes range for this object. To do that, use the `set_axes_range()` method.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: L = line([(1,2), (3,-4), (2, 5), (1,2)])
        sage: list(sorted(L.get_axes_range().items()))
        [('xmax', 3.0), ('xmin', 1.0), ('ymax', 5.0), ('ymin', -4.0)]
        sage: L.set_axes_range(xmin=-1)
        sage: list(sorted(L.get_axes_range().items()))
        [('xmax', 3.0), ('xmin', -1.0), ('ymax', 5.0), ('ymin', -4.0)]

  `get_minmax_data`()

    Return a dictionary whose keys give the xmin, xmax, ymin, and ymax data for this graphic.

    Warning

    The returned dictionary is mutable, but changing it does not change the xmin/xmax/ymin/ymax data. The minmax data is a function of the primitives which make up this Graphics object. To change the range of the axes, call methods `xmin()`, `xmax()`, `ymin()`, `ymax()`, or `set_axes_range()`.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: g = line([(-1,1), (3,2)])
        sage: list(sorted(g.get_minmax_data().items()))
        [('xmax', 3.0), ('xmin', -1.0), ('ymax', 2.0), ('ymin', 1.0)]

    Note that changing ymax doesn’t change the output of get_minmax_data:

        sage: g.ymax(10)
        sage: list(sorted(g.get_minmax_data().items()))
        [('xmax', 3.0), ('xmin', -1.0), ('ymax', 2.0), ('ymin', 1.0)]

  `legend`(show=None)

    Set whether or not the legend is shown by default.

    INPUT:

    - `show` - (default: None) a boolean

    If called with no input, return the current legend setting.

    EXAMPLES:

    By default no legend is displayed:

        sage: P = plot(sin)
        sage: P.legend()
        False

    But if we put a label then the legend is shown:

        sage: P = plot(sin, legend_label='sin')
        sage: P.legend()
        True

    We can turn it on or off:

        sage: P.legend(False)
        sage: P.legend()
        False
        sage: P.legend(True)
        sage: P # show with the legend
        Graphics object consisting of 1 graphics primitive

  `matplotlib`(filename=None, xmin=None, xmax=None, ymin=None, ymax=None, figsize=None, figure=None, sub=None, axes=None, axes_labels=None, fontsize=None, frame=False, verify=True, aspect_ratio=None, gridlines=None, gridlinesstyle=None, vgridlinesstyle=None, hgridlinesstyle=None, show_legend=None, legend_options={}, axes_pad=None, ticks_integer=None, tick_formatter=None, ticks=None, title=None, title_pos=None, base=None, scale=None, typeset='default')

    Return a matplotlib figure object representing the graphic

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: c = circle((1,1),1)
        sage: print c.matplotlib()
        Figure(640x480)

    To obtain the first matplotlib axes object inside of the figure, you can do something like the following.

        sage: p=plot(sin(x), (x, -2*pi, 2*pi))
        sage: figure=p.matplotlib()
        sage: axes=figure.axes[0]

    For input parameters, see the documentation for the `show()` method (this function accepts all except the transparent argument).

    TESTS:

    We verify that trac ticket #10291 is fixed:

        sage: p = plot(sin(x), (x, -2*pi, 2*pi))
        sage: figure = p.matplotlib()
        sage: axes_range = p.get_axes_range()
        sage: figure = p.matplotlib()
        sage: axes_range2 = p.get_axes_range()
        sage: axes_range == axes_range2
        True

    We verify that legend options are properly handled (trac ticket #12960). First, we test with no options, and next with an incomplete set of options.:

        sage: p = plot(x, legend_label='aha')
        sage: p.legend(True)
        sage: pm = p.matplotlib()
        sage: pm = p.matplotlib(legend_options={'font_size':'small'})

    The title should not overlap with the axes labels nor the frame in the following plot (see trac ticket #10512):

        sage: plot(sin(x^2), (x, -3, 3), title='Plot of sin(x^2)', axes_labels=['x','y'],frame=True)
        Graphics object consisting of 1 graphics primitive

    `typeset` must not be set to an arbitrary string:

        sage: plot(x, typeset='garbage')
        doctest:...: FormatterWarning: Exception in text/plain formatter:
        typeset must be set to one of 'default', 'latex', or 'type1'; got 'garbage'.
        None

    We verify that numerical options are changed to float before saving (trac ticket #14741). By default, Sage 5.10 changes float objects to the \(RealLiteral\) type. The patch changes them to float before creating \(matplotlib\) objects.:

        sage: f = lambda x, y : (abs(cos((x + I * y) ** 4)) - 1) # long time
        sage: g = implicit_plot(f,(-4, 4),(-3, 3),linewidth=0.6) # long time
        sage: gm = g.matplotlib() # long time # without the patch, this goes BOOM -- er, TypeError

  `plot`(*args, **kwds)

    Draw a 2D plot of this graphics object, which just returns this object since this is already a 2D graphics object.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: S = circle((0,0), 2)
        sage: S.plot() is S
        True

  `plot3d`(z=0, **kwds)

    Returns an embedding of this 2D plot into the xy-plane of 3D space, as a 3D plot object. An optional parameter z can be given to specify the z-coordinate.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: sum([plot(z*sin(x), 0, 10).plot3d(z) for z in range(6)]) # long time
        Graphics3d Object

  `save`(filename=None, legend_loc='best', legend_fancybox=False, legend_font_style='normal', legend_font_size='medium', legend_font_variant='normal', legend_title=None, legend_handlelength=0.05, legend_markerscale=0.6, legend_numpoints=2, legend_labelspacing=0.02, legend_font_family='sans-serif', legend_columnspacing=None, legend_font_weight='medium', legend_handletextpad=0.5, legend_ncol=1, legend_borderaxespad=None, legend_shadow=False, legend_borderpad=0.6, legend_back_color=(0.9, 0.9, 0.9), **kwds)

    Save the graphics to an image file.

    INPUT:

    - `filename` – a string (default: autogenerated), the filename and the image format given by the extension, which can be one of the following:

      > - `.eps`,
      > - `.pdf`,
      > - `.png`,
      > - `.ps`,
      > - `.sobj` (for a Sage object you can load later),
      > - `.svg`,
      > - empty extension will be treated as `.sobj`.

    All other keyword arguments will be passed to the plotter.

    OUTPUT:

    - none.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: c = circle((1,1), 1, color='red')
        sage: filename = os.path.join(SAGE_TMP, 'test.png')
        sage: c.save(filename, xmin=-1, xmax=3, ymin=-1, ymax=3)

    To make a figure bigger or smaller, use `figsize`:

        sage: c.save(filename, figsize=5, xmin=-1, xmax=3, ymin=-1, ymax=3)

    By default, the figure grows to include all of the graphics and text, so the final image may not be exactly the figure size you specified. If you want a figure to be exactly a certain size, specify the keyword `fig_tight=False`:

        sage: c.save(filename, figsize=[8,4], fig_tight=False,
        ....:       xmin=-1, xmax=3, ymin=-1, ymax=3)

    You can also pass extra options to the plot command instead of this method, e.g.

        sage: plot(x^2 - 5, (x, 0, 5), ymin=0).save(tmp_filename(ext='.png'))

    will save the same plot as the one shown by this command:

        sage: plot(x^2 - 5, (x, 0, 5), ymin=0)
        Graphics object consisting of 1 graphics primitive

    (This test verifies that trac ticket #8632 is fixed.)

    TESTS:

    Legend labels should save correctly:

        sage: P = plot(x,(x,0,1),legend_label='$xyz$')
        sage: P.set_legend_options(back_color=(1,0,0))
        sage: P.set_legend_options(loc=7)
        sage: filename=os.path.join(SAGE_TMP, 'test.png')
        sage: P.save(filename)

    This plot should save with the frame shown, showing trac ticket #7524 is fixed (same issue as trac ticket #7981 and trac ticket #8632):

        sage: var('x,y')
        (x, y)
        sage: a = plot_vector_field((x,-y),(x,-1,1),(y,-1,1))
        sage: filename=os.path.join(SAGE_TMP, 'test2.png')
        sage: a.save(filename)

    The following plot should show the axes; fixes trac ticket #14782

        sage: plot(x^2, (x, 1, 2), ticks=[[], []])
        Graphics object consisting of 1 graphics primitive

  `save_image`(filename=None, *args, **kwds)

    Save an image representation of self. The image type is determined by the extension of the filename. For example, this could be `.png`, `.jpg`, `.gif`, `.pdf`, `.svg`. Currently this is implemented by calling the `save()` method of self, passing along all arguments and keywords.

    Note

    Not all image types are necessarily implemented for all graphics types. See `save()` for more details.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: c = circle((1,1), 1, color='red')
        sage: filename = os.path.join(SAGE_TMP, 'test.png')
        sage: c.save_image(filename, xmin=-1, xmax=3, ymin=-1, ymax=3)

  `set_aspect_ratio`(ratio)

    Set the aspect ratio, which is the ratio of height and width of a unit square (i.e., height/width of a unit square), or ‘automatic’ (expand to fill the figure).

    INPUT:

    - `ratio` - a positive real number or ‘automatic’

    EXAMPLES: We create a plot of the upper half of a circle, but it doesn’t look round because the aspect ratio is off:

        sage: P = plot(sqrt(1-x^2),(x,-1,1)); P
        Graphics object consisting of 1 graphics primitive

    So we set the aspect ratio and now it is round:

        sage: P.set_aspect_ratio(1)
        sage: P.aspect_ratio()
        1.0
        sage: P
        Graphics object consisting of 1 graphics primitive

    Note that the aspect ratio is inherited upon addition (which takes the max of aspect ratios of objects whose aspect ratio has been set):

        sage: P + plot(sqrt(4-x^2),(x,-2,2))
        Graphics object consisting of 2 graphics primitives

    In the following example, both plots produce a circle that looks twice as tall as wide:

        sage: Q = circle((0,0), 0.5); Q.set_aspect_ratio(2)
        sage: (P + Q).aspect_ratio(); P+Q
        2.0
        Graphics object consisting of 2 graphics primitives
        sage: (Q + P).aspect_ratio(); Q+P
        2.0
        Graphics object consisting of 2 graphics primitives

  `set_axes_range`(xmin=None, xmax=None, ymin=None, ymax=None)

    Set the ranges of the \(x\) and \(y\) axes.

    INPUT:

    - `xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax` - floats

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: L = line([(1,2), (3,-4), (2, 5), (1,2)])
        sage: L.set_axes_range(-1, 20, 0, 2)
        sage: d = L.get_axes_range()
        sage: d['xmin'], d['xmax'], d['ymin'], d['ymax']
        (-1.0, 20.0, 0.0, 2.0)

  `set_legend_options`(**kwds)

    Set various legend options.

    INPUT:

    - `title` - (default: None) string, the legend title

    - `ncol` - (default: 1) positive integer, the number of columns

    - `columnspacing` - (default: None) the spacing between columns

    - `borderaxespad` - (default: None) float, length between the axes and the legend

    - `back_color` - (default: (0.9, 0.9, 0.9)) This parameter can be a string denoting a color or an RGB tuple. The string can be a color name as in (‘red’, ‘green’, ‘yellow’, ...) or a floating point number like ‘0.8’ which gets expanded to (0.8, 0.8, 0.8). The tuple form is just a floating point RGB tuple with all values ranging from 0 to 1.

    - `handlelength` - (default: 0.05) float, the length of the legend handles

    - `handletextpad` - (default: 0.5) float, the pad between the legend handle and text

    - `labelspacing` - (default: 0.02) float, vertical space between legend entries

    - `loc` - (default: ‘best’) May be a string, an integer or a tuple. String or

        integer inputs must be one of the following:

      - 0, ‘best’
      - 1, ‘upper right’
      - 2, ‘upper left’
      - 3, ‘lower left’
      - 4, ‘lower right’
      - 5, ‘right’
      - 6, ‘center left’
      - 7, ‘center right’
      - 8, ‘lower center’
      - 9, ‘upper center’
      - 10, ‘center’
      - Tuple arguments represent an absolute (x, y) position on the plot in axes coordinates (meaning from 0 to 1 in each direction).

    - `markerscale` - (default: 0.6) float, how much to scale the markers in the legend.

    - `numpoints` - (default: 2) integer, the number of points in the legend for line

    - `borderpad` - (default: 0.6) float, the fractional whitespace inside the legend border (between 0 and 1)

    - `font_family` - (default: ‘sans-serif’) string, one of ‘serif’, ‘sans-serif’, ‘cursive’, ‘fantasy’, ‘monospace’

    - `font_style` - (default: ‘normal’) string, one of ‘normal’, ‘italic’, ‘oblique’

    - `font_variant` - (default: ‘normal’) string, one of ‘normal’, ‘small-caps’

    - `font_weight` - (default: ‘medium’) string, one of ‘black’, ‘extra bold’, ‘bold’, ‘semibold’, ‘medium’, ‘normal’, ‘light’

    - `font_size` - (default: ‘medium’) string, one of ‘xx-small’, ‘x-small’, ‘small’, ‘medium’, ‘large’, ‘x-large’, ‘xx-large’ or an absolute font size (e.g. 12)

    - `shadow` - (default: False) boolean - draw a shadow behind the legend

    - `fancybox` - (default: False) a boolean. If True, draws a frame with a round fancybox.

    These are all keyword arguments.

    OUTPUT: a dictionary of all current legend options

    EXAMPLES:

    By default, no options are set:

        sage: p = plot(tan, legend_label='tan')
        sage: p.set_legend_options()
        {}

    We build a legend with a shadow:

        sage: p.set_legend_options(shadow=True)
        sage: p.set_legend_options()['shadow']
        True

    To set the legend position to the center of the plot, all these methods are roughly equivalent:

        sage: p.set_legend_options(loc='center'); p
        Graphics object consisting of 1 graphics primitive

        sage: p.set_legend_options(loc=10); p
        Graphics object consisting of 1 graphics primitive

        sage: p.set_legend_options(loc=(0.5,0.5)); p # aligns the bottom of the box to the center
        Graphics object consisting of 1 graphics primitive

  `show`(filename=None, linkmode=False, legend_loc='best', legend_fancybox=False, legend_font_style='normal', legend_font_size='medium', legend_font_variant='normal', legend_title=None, legend_handlelength=0.05, legend_markerscale=0.6, legend_numpoints=2, legend_labelspacing=0.02, legend_font_family='sans-serif', legend_columnspacing=None, legend_font_weight='medium', legend_handletextpad=0.5, legend_ncol=1, legend_borderaxespad=None, legend_shadow=False, legend_borderpad=0.6, legend_back_color=(0.9, 0.9, 0.9), **kwds)

    Show this graphics image with the default image viewer.

    OPTIONAL INPUT:

    - `filename` - (default: None) string

    - `dpi` - dots per inch

    - `figsize` - [width, height]

    - `fig_tight` - (default: True) whether to clip the drawing tightly around drawn objects. If True, then the resulting image will usually not have dimensions corresponding to `figsize`. If False, the resulting image will have dimensions corresponding to `figsize`.

    - `aspect_ratio` - the perceived height divided by the perceived width. For example, if the aspect ratio is set to `1`, circles will look round and a unit square will appear to have sides of equal length, and if the aspect ratio is set `2`, vertical units will be twice as long as horizontal units, so a unit square will be twice as high as it is wide. If set to `'automatic'`, the aspect ratio is determined by `figsize` and the picture fills the figure.

    - `axes` - (default: True)

    - `axes_labels` - (default: None) list (or tuple) of two strings; the first is used as the label for the horizontal axis, and the second for the vertical axis.

    - `fontsize` - (default: current setting – 10) positive integer; used for axes labels; if you make this very large, you may have to increase figsize to see all labels.

    - `frame` - (default: False) draw a frame around the image

    - `gridlines` - (default: None) can be any of the following:

      - None, False: do not add grid lines.
      - True, “automatic”, “major”: add grid lines at major ticks of the axes.
      - “minor”: add grid at major and minor ticks.
      - [xlist,ylist]: a tuple or list containing two elements, where xlist (or ylist) can be any of the following.
        - None, False: don’t add horizontal (or vertical) lines.
        - True, “automatic”, “major”: add horizontal (or vertical) grid lines at the major ticks of the axes.
        - “minor”: add horizontal (or vertical) grid lines at major and minor ticks of axes.
        - an iterable yielding numbers n or pairs (n,opts), where n is the coordinate of the line and opt is a dictionary of MATPLOTLIB options for rendering the line.

    - `gridlinesstyle, hgridlinesstyle, vgridlinesstyle` - (default: None) a dictionary of MATPLOTLIB options for the rendering of the grid lines, the horizontal grid lines or the vertical grid lines, respectively.

    - `linkmode` - (default: False) If True a string containing a link

        to the produced file is returned.

    - `transparent` - (default: False) If True, make the background transparent.

    - `axes_pad` - (default: 0.02 on `"linear"` scale, 1 on `"log"` scale).

      - In the `"linear"` scale, it determines the percentage of the axis range that is added to each end of each axis. This helps avoid problems like clipping lines because of line-width, etc. To get axes that are exactly the specified limits, set `axes_pad` to zero.
      - On the `"log"` scale, it determines the exponent of the fraction of the minimum (resp. maximum) that is subtracted from the minimum (resp. added to the maximum) value of the axis. For instance if the minimum is \(m\) and the base of the axis is \(b\) then the new minimum after padding the axis will be \(m - m/b^{\mathrm{axes\_pad}}\).

    - `ticks_integer` - (default: False) guarantee that the ticks are integers (the `ticks` option, if specified, will override this)

    - `ticks` - A matplotlib locator for the major ticks, or a number. There are several options. For more information about locators, type `from matplotlib import ticker` and then `ticker?`.

      - If this is a locator object, then it is the locator for the horizontal axis. A value of None means use the default locator.
      - If it is a list of two locators, then the first is for the horizontal axis and one for the vertical axis. A value of None means use the default locator (so a value of [None, my_locator] uses my_locator for the vertical axis and the default for the horizontal axis).
      - If in either case above one of the entries is a number \(m\) (something which can be coerced to a float), it will be replaced by a MultipleLocator which places major ticks at integer multiples of \(m\). See examples.
      - If in either case above one of the entries is a list of numbers, it will be replaced by a FixedLocator which places ticks at the locations specified. This includes the case of of the empty list, which will give no ticks. See examples.

    - `tick_formatter` - A matplotlib formatter for the major ticks. There are several options. For more information about formatters, type `from matplotlib import ticker` and then `ticker?`.

      If the value of this keyword is a single item, then this will give the formatting for the horizontal axis only (except for the `"latex"` option). If it is a list or tuple, the first is for the horizontal axis, the second for the vertical axis. The options are below:

      - If one of the entries is a formatter object, then it used. A value of None means to use the default locator (so using `tick_formatter=[None, my_formatter]` uses my_formatter for the vertical axis and the default for the horizontal axis).
      - If one of the entries is a symbolic constant such as \(\pi\), \(e\), or \(sqrt(2)\), ticks will be formatted nicely at rational multiples of this constant.

      Warning

      This should only be used with the `ticks` option using nice rational multiples of that constant!

      - If one of the entries is the string `"latex"`, then the formatting will be nice typesetting of the ticks. This is intended to be used when the tick locator for at least one of the axes is a list including some symbolic elements. This uses matplotlib’s internal LaTeX rendering engine. If you want to use an external LaTeX compiler, then set the keyword option `typeset`. See examples.

    - `title` - (default: None) The title for the plot

    - `title_pos` - (default: None) The position of the title for the

        plot. It must be a tuple or a list of two real numbers `(x_pos, y_pos)` which indicate the relative position of the title within the plot. The plot itself can be considered to occupy, in relative terms, the region within a unit square \([0,1]\\times[0,1]\). The title text is centered around the horizontal factor `x_pos` of the plot. The baseline of the title text is present at the vertical factor `y_pos` of the plot. Hence, `title_pos=(0.5, 0.5)` will center the title in the plot, whereas `title_pos=(0.5, 1.1)` will center the title along the horizontal direction, but will place the title a fraction \(0.1\) times above the plot.

      - If the first entry is a list of strings (or numbers), then the formatting for the horizontal axis will be typeset with the strings present in the list. Each entry of the list of strings must be provided with a corresponding number in the first entry of `ticks` to indicate its position on the axis. To typeset the strings with `"latex"` enclose them within `"$"` symbols. To have similar custom formatting of the labels along the vertical axis, the second entry must be a list of strings and the second entry of `ticks` must also be a list of numbers which give the positions of the labels. See the examples below.

    - `show_legend` - (default: None) If True, show the legend

    - `legend_*` - all the options valid for `set_legend_options()`

        prefixed with `legend_`

    - `base` - (default: 10) the base of the logarithm if a logarithmic scale is set. This must be greater than 1. The base can be also given as a list or tuple `(basex, basey)`. `basex` sets the base of the logarithm along the horizontal axis and `basey` sets the base along the vertical axis.

    - `scale` – (default: `"linear"`) string. The scale of the axes. Possible values are

      - `"linear"` – linear scaling of both the axes
      - `"loglog"` – sets both the horizontal and vertical axes to logarithmic scale
      - `"semilogx"` – sets only the horizontal axis to logarithmic scale.
      - `"semilogy"` – sets only the vertical axis to logarithmic scale.

      The scale can be also be given as single argument that is a list or tuple `(scale, base)` or `(scale, basex, basey)`.

      Note

      - If the `scale` is `"linear"`, then irrespective of what `base` is set to, it will default to 10 and will remain unused.

    - `typeset` – (default: `"default"`) string. The type of font rendering that should be used for the text. The possible values are

      - `"default"` – Uses matplotlib’s internal text rendering engine called Mathtext ( see http://matplotlib.org/users/mathtext.html ). If you have modified the default matplotlib settings, for instance via a matplotlibrc file, then this option will not change any of those settings.
      - `"latex"` – LaTeX is used for rendering the fonts. This requires LaTeX, dvipng and Ghostscript to be installed.
      - `"type1"` – Type 1 fonts are used by matplotlib in the text in the figure. This requires LaTeX, dvipng and Ghostscript to be installed.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: c = circle((1,1), 1, color='red')
        sage: c.show(xmin=-1, xmax=3, ymin=-1, ymax=3)

    You could also just make the picture larger by changing `figsize`:

        sage: c.show(figsize=8, xmin=-1, xmax=3, ymin=-1, ymax=3)

    You can turn off the drawing of the axes:

        sage: show(plot(sin,-4,4), axes=False)

    You can also label the axes. Putting something in dollar signs formats it as a mathematical expression:

        sage: show(plot(sin,-4,4), axes_labels=('$x$','$y$'))

    You can add a title to a plot:

        sage: show(plot(sin,-4,4), title='A plot of $\sin(x)$')

    You can also provide the position for the title to the plot. In the plot below the title is placed on the bottom left of the figure.:

        sage: plot(sin, -4, 4, title='Plot sin(x)', title_pos=(0.05,-0.05))
        Graphics object consisting of 1 graphics primitive

    If you want all the text to be rendered by using an external LaTeX installation then set the `typeset` to `"latex"`. This requires that LaTeX, dvipng and Ghostscript be installed:

        sage: plot(x, typeset='latex') # optional - latex

    If you want all the text in your plot to use Type 1 fonts, then set the `typeset` option to `"type1"`. This requires that LaTeX, dvipng and Ghostscript be installed:

        sage: plot(x, typeset='type1') # optional - latex

    You can turn on the drawing of a frame around the plots:

        sage: show(plot(sin,-4,4), frame=True)

    You can make the background transparent:

        sage: plot(sin(x), (x, -4, 4), transparent=True)
        Graphics object consisting of 1 graphics primitive

    We can change the scale of the axes in the graphics before displaying:

        sage: G = plot(exp, 1, 10)
        sage: G.show(scale='semilogy')

    We can change the base of the logarithm too. The following changes the vertical axis to be on log scale, and with base 2. Note that the `base` argument will ignore any changes to the axis which is in linear scale.:

        sage: G.show(scale='semilogy', base=2) # long time # y axis as powers of 2

        sage: G.show(scale='semilogy', base=(3,2)) # base ignored for x-axis

    The scale can be also given as a 2-tuple or a 3-tuple.:

        sage: G.show(scale=('loglog', 2.1)) # long time # both x and y axes in base 2.1

        sage: G.show(scale=('loglog', 2, 3)) # long time # x in base 2, y in base 3

    The base need not be an integer, though it does have to be made a float.:

        sage: G.show(scale='semilogx', base=float(e)) # base is e

    Logarithmic scale can be used for various kinds of plots. Here are some examples.:

        sage: G = list_plot(map(lambda i: 10**i, range(10))) # long time
        sage: G.show(scale='semilogy') # long time

        sage: G = parametric_plot((x, x**2), (x, 1, 10))
        sage: G.show(scale='loglog')

        sage: disk((5,5), 4, (0, 3*pi/2)).show(scale='loglog',base=2)

        sage: x, y = var('x, y')
        sage: G =  plot_vector_field((2^x,y^2),(x,1,10),(y,1,100))
        sage: G.show(scale='semilogx',base=2)

    Add grid lines at the major ticks of the axes.

        sage: c = circle((0,0), 1)
        sage: c.show(gridlines=True)
        sage: c.show(gridlines="automatic")
        sage: c.show(gridlines="major")

    Add grid lines at the major and minor ticks of the axes.

        sage: u,v = var('u v')
        sage: f = exp(-(u^2+v^2))
        sage: p = plot_vector_field(f.gradient(), (u,-2,2), (v,-2,2))
        sage: p.show(gridlines="minor")

    Add only horizontal or vertical grid lines.

        sage: p = plot(sin,-10,20)
        sage: p.show(gridlines=[None, "automatic"])
        sage: p.show(gridlines=["minor", False])

    Add grid lines at specific positions (using lists/tuples).

        sage: x, y = var('x, y')
        sage: p = implicit_plot((y^2-x^2)*(x-1)*(2*x-3)-4*(x^2+y^2-2*x)^2, \
        ....:             (x,-2,2), (y,-2,2), plot_points=1000)
        sage: p.show(gridlines=[[1,0],[-1,0,1]])

    Add grid lines at specific positions (using iterators).

        sage: def maple_leaf(t):
        ....:     return (100/(100+(t-pi/2)^8))*(2-sin(7*t)-cos(30*t)/2)
        sage: p = polar_plot(maple_leaf, -pi/4, 3*pi/2, color="red",plot_points=1000) # long time
        sage: p.show(gridlines=( [-3,-2.75,..,3], xrange(-1,5,2) )) # long time

    Add grid lines at specific positions (using functions).

        sage: y = x^5 + 4*x^4 - 10*x^3 - 40*x^2 + 9*x + 36
        sage: p = plot(y, -4.1, 1.1)
        sage: xlines = lambda a,b: [z for z,m in y.roots()]
        sage: p.show(gridlines=[xlines, [0]], frame=True, axes=False)

    Change the style of all the grid lines.

        sage: b = bar_chart([-3,5,-6,11], color='red')
        sage: b.show(gridlines=([-1,-0.5,..,4],True),
        ....:     gridlinesstyle=dict(color="blue", linestyle=":"))

    Change the style of the horizontal or vertical grid lines separately.

        sage: p = polar_plot(2 + 2*cos(x), 0, 2*pi, color=hue(0.3))
        sage: p.show(gridlines=True,
        ....:     hgridlinesstyle=dict(color="orange", linewidth=1.0),
        ....:     vgridlinesstyle=dict(color="blue", linestyle=":"))

    Change the style of each grid line individually.

        sage: x, y = var('x, y')
        sage: p = implicit_plot((y^2-x^2)*(x-1)*(2*x-3)-4*(x^2+y^2-2*x)^2,
        ....:             (x,-2,2), (y,-2,2), plot_points=1000)
        sage: p.show(gridlines=(
        ....:    [
        ....:     (1,{"color":"red","linestyle":":"}),
        ....:     (0,{"color":"blue","linestyle":"--"})
        ....:    ],
        ....:    [
        ....:     (-1,{"color":"red","linestyle":":"}),
        ....:     (0,{"color":"blue","linestyle":"--"}),
        ....:     (1,{"color":"red","linestyle":":"}),
        ....:    ]
        ....:    ),
        ....:    gridlinesstyle=dict(marker='x',color="black"))

    Grid lines can be added to contour plots.

        sage: f = sin(x^2 + y^2)*cos(x)*sin(y)
        sage: c = contour_plot(f, (x, -4, 4), (y, -4, 4), plot_points=100)
        sage: c.show(gridlines=True, gridlinesstyle={'linestyle':':','linewidth':1, 'color':'red'})

    Grid lines can be added to matrix plots.

        sage: M = MatrixSpace(QQ,10).random_element()
        sage: matrix_plot(M).show(gridlines=True)

    By default, Sage increases the horizontal and vertical axes limits by a certain percentage in all directions. This is controlled by the `axes_pad` parameter. Increasing the range of the axes helps avoid problems with lines and dots being clipped because the linewidth extends beyond the axes. To get axes limits that are exactly what is specified, set `axes_pad` to zero. Compare the following two examples

        sage: plot(sin(x), (x, -pi, pi),thickness=2)+point((pi, -1), pointsize=15)
        Graphics object consisting of 2 graphics primitives
        sage: plot(sin(x), (x, -pi, pi),thickness=2,axes_pad=0)+point((pi, -1), pointsize=15)
        Graphics object consisting of 2 graphics primitives

    The behavior of the `axes_pad` parameter is different if the axis is in the `"log"` scale. If \(b\) is the base of the axis, the minimum value of the axis, is decreased by the factor \(1/b^{\mathrm{axes\_pad}}\) of the minimum and the maximum value of the axis is increased by the same factor of the maximum value. Compare the axes in the following two plots to see the difference.

        sage: plot_loglog(x, (1.1*10**-2, 9990))
        Graphics object consisting of 1 graphics primitive

        sage: plot_loglog(x, (1.1*10**-2, 9990), axes_pad=0)
        Graphics object consisting of 1 graphics primitive

    Via matplotlib, Sage allows setting of custom ticks. See above for more details.

    Here the labels are not so useful:

        sage: plot(sin(pi*x), (x, -8, 8))
        Graphics object consisting of 1 graphics primitive

    Now put ticks at multiples of 2:

        sage: plot(sin(pi*x), (x, -8, 8), ticks=2)
        Graphics object consisting of 1 graphics primitive

    Or just choose where you want the ticks:

        sage: plot(sin(pi*x), (x, -8, 8), ticks=[[-7,-3,0,3,7],[-1/2,0,1/2]])
        Graphics object consisting of 1 graphics primitive

    Or no ticks at all:

        sage: plot(sin(pi*x), (x, -8, 8), ticks=[[],[]])
        Graphics object consisting of 1 graphics primitive

    This can be very helpful in showing certain features of plots.

        sage: plot(1.5/(1+e^(-x)), (x, -10, 10)) # doesn't quite show value of inflection point
        Graphics object consisting of 1 graphics primitive

        sage: plot(1.5/(1+e^(-x)), (x, -10, 10), ticks=[None, 1.5/4]) # It's right at f(x)=0.75!
        Graphics object consisting of 1 graphics primitive

    But be careful to leave enough room for at least two major ticks, so that the user can tell what the scale is:

        sage: plot(x^2,(x,1,8),ticks=6).show()
        Traceback (most recent call last):
        ...
        ValueError: Expand the range of the independent variable to
        allow two multiples of your tick locator (option `ticks`).

    We can also do custom formatting if you need it. See above for full details:

        sage: plot(2*x+1,(x,0,5),ticks=[[0,1,e,pi,sqrt(20)],2],tick_formatter="latex")
        Graphics object consisting of 1 graphics primitive

    This is particularly useful when setting custom ticks in multiples of \(\pi\).

        sage: plot(sin(x),(x,0,2*pi),ticks=pi/3,tick_formatter=pi)
        Graphics object consisting of 1 graphics primitive

    But keep in mind that you will get exactly the formatting you asked for if you specify both formatters. The first syntax is recommended for best style in that case.

        sage: plot(arcsin(x),(x,-1,1),ticks=[None,pi/6],tick_formatter=["latex",pi]) # Nice-looking!
        Graphics object consisting of 1 graphics primitive

        sage: plot(arcsin(x),(x,-1,1),ticks=[None,pi/6],tick_formatter=[None,pi]) # Not so nice-looking
        Graphics object consisting of 1 graphics primitive

    Custom tick labels can be provided by providing the keyword `tick_formatter` with the list of labels, and simultaneously providing the keyword `ticks` with the positions of the labels.

        sage: plot(x, (x,0,3), ticks=[[1,2.5],[0.5,1,2]], tick_formatter=[["$x_1$","$x_2$"],["$y_1$","$y_2$","$y_3$"]])
        Graphics object consisting of 1 graphics primitive

    The following sets the custom tick labels only along the horizontal axis.

        sage: plot(x**2, (x,0,2), ticks=[[1,2], None], tick_formatter=[["$x_1$","$x_2$"], None])
        Graphics object consisting of 1 graphics primitive

    If the number of tick labels do not match the number of positions of tick labels, then it results in an error.:

        sage: plot(x**2, (x,0,2), ticks=[[2], None], tick_formatter=[["$x_1$","$x_2$"], None]).show()
        Traceback (most recent call last):
        ...
        ValueError: If the first component of the list `tick_formatter` is a list then the first component of `ticks` must also be a list of equal length.

    When using logarithmic scale along the axis, make sure to have enough room for two ticks so that the user can tell what the scale is. This can be effected by increasing the range of the independent variable, or by changing the `base`, or by providing enough tick locations by using the `ticks` parameter.

    By default, Sage will expand the variable range so that at least two ticks are included along the logarithmic axis. However, if you specify `ticks` manually, this safety measure can be defeated:

        sage: list_plot_loglog([(1,2),(2,3)], plotjoined=True, ticks=[[1],[1]])
        doctest:...: UserWarning: The x-axis contains fewer than 2 ticks;
        the logarithmic scale of the plot may not be apparent to the reader.
        doctest:...: UserWarning: The y-axis contains fewer than 2 ticks;
        the logarithmic scale of the plot may not be apparent to the reader.
        Graphics object consisting of 1 graphics primitive

    This one works, since the horizontal axis is automatically expanded to contain two ticks and the vertical axis is provided with two ticks:

        sage: list_plot_loglog([(1,2),(2,3)], plotjoined=True, ticks=[None,[1,10]])
        Graphics object consisting of 1 graphics primitive

    Another example in the log scale where both the axes are automatically expanded to show two major ticks:

        sage: list_plot_loglog([(2,0.5), (3, 4)], plotjoined=True)
        Graphics object consisting of 1 graphics primitive

    When using `title_pos`, it must be ensured that a list or a tuple of length two is used. Otherwise, an error is raised.:

        sage; plot(x, -4, 4, title='Plot x', title_pos=0.05)
        Traceback (most recent call last):
        ...
        ValueError: 'title_pos' must be a list or tuple of two real numbers.

  `tick_label_color`(c=None)

    Set the color of the axes tick labels.

    INPUT:

    - `c` - an RGB 3-tuple of numbers between 0 and 1

    If called with no input, return the current tick_label_color setting.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: p = plot(cos, (-3,3))
        sage: p.tick_label_color()
        (0, 0, 0)
        sage: p.tick_label_color((1,0,0))
        sage: p.tick_label_color()
        (1.0, 0.0, 0.0)
        sage: p
        Graphics object consisting of 1 graphics primitive

  `xmax`(xmax=None)

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: g = line([(-1,1), (3,2)])
        sage: g.xmax()
        3.0
        sage: g.xmax(10)
        sage: g.xmax()
        10.0

  `xmin`(xmin=None)

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: g = line([(-1,1), (3,2)])
        sage: g.xmin()
        -1.0
        sage: g.xmin(-3)
        sage: g.xmin()
        -3.0

  `ymax`(ymax=None)

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: g = line([(-1,1), (3,2)])
        sage: g.ymax()
        2.0
        sage: g.ymax(10)
        sage: g.ymax()
        10.0

  `ymin`(ymin=None)

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: g = line([(-1,1), (3,2)])
        sage: g.ymin()
        1.0
        sage: g.ymin(-3)
        sage: g.ymin()
        -3.0

class `sage.plot.graphics.``GraphicsArray`(array)

  Bases: `sage.structure.sage_object.SageObject`

  GraphicsArray takes a (\(m\) x \(n\)) list of lists of graphics objects and plots them all on one canvas.

  `_graphics_`(mime_types=None, figsize=None, dpi=None)

    Magic graphics method.

    See `sage.plot.graphics.Graphics._graphics_()` for details.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: from sage.plot.graphics import GraphicsArray
        sage: g = GraphicsArray([])
        sage: g._graphics_()
        Graphics file image/png
        sage: g._graphics_(mime_types={'foo/bar'}) is None
        True

  `append`(g)

    Appends a graphic to the array. Currently not implemented.

    TESTS:

        sage: from sage.plot.graphics import GraphicsArray
        sage: G = GraphicsArray([plot(sin),plot(cos)])
        sage: G.append(plot(tan))
        Traceback (most recent call last):
        ...
        NotImplementedError: Appending to a graphics array is not yet implemented

  `ncols`()

    Number of columns of the graphics array.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: R = rainbow(6)
        sage: L = [plot(x^n,(x,0,1),color=R[n]) for n in range(6)]
        sage: G = graphics_array(L,2,3)
        sage: G.ncols()
        3
        sage: graphics_array(L).ncols()
        6

  `nrows`()

    Number of rows of the graphics array.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: R = rainbow(6)
        sage: L = [plot(x^n,(x,0,1),color=R[n]) for n in range(6)]
        sage: G = graphics_array(L,2,3)
        sage: G.nrows()
        2
        sage: graphics_array(L).nrows()
        1

  `save`(filename=None, dpi=100, figsize=None, axes=None, **kwds)

    Save the `graphics_array` to a png called `filename`.

    We loop over all graphics objects in the array and add them to a subplot and then render that.

    INPUT:

    - `filename` - (default: None) string
    - `dpi` - dots per inch
    - `figsize` - width or [width, height]
    - `axes` - (default: True)

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: F = tmp_filename(ext='.png')
        sage: L = [plot(sin(k*x),(x,-pi,pi)) for k in [1..3]]
        sage: G = graphics_array(L)
        sage: G.save(F, dpi=500, axes=False)  # long time (6s on sage.math, 2012)

    TESTS:

        sage: graphics_array([]).save()
        sage: graphics_array([[]]).save()

  `save_image`(filename=None, *args, **kwds)

    Save an image representation of self. The image type is determined by the extension of the filename. For example, this could be `.png`, `.jpg`, `.gif`, `.pdf`, `.svg`. Currently this is implemented by calling the `save()` method of self, passing along all arguments and keywords.

    Note

    Not all image types are necessarily implemented for all graphics types. See `save()` for more details.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: plots = [[plot(m*cos(x + n*pi/4), (x,0, 2*pi)) for n in range(3)] for m in range(1,3)]
        sage: G = graphics_array(plots)
        sage: G.save_image(tmp_filename()+'.png')

  `show`(filename=None, dpi=100, figsize=None, axes=None, **kwds)

    Show this graphics array using the default viewer.

    OPTIONAL INPUT:

    - `filename` - (default: None) string
    - `dpi` - dots per inch
    - `figsize` - width or [width, height]
    - `axes` - (default: True)
    - `fontsize` - positive integer
    - `frame` - (default: False) draw a frame around the image

    EXAMPLES:

    This draws a graphics array with four trig plots and no axes in any of the plots:

        sage: G = graphics_array([[plot(sin), plot(cos)], [plot(tan), plot(sec)]])
        sage: G.show(axes=False)

`sage.plot.graphics.``is_Graphics`(x)

  Return True if \(x\) is a Graphics object.

  EXAMPLES:

      sage: from sage.plot.graphics import is_Graphics
      sage: is_Graphics(1)
      False
      sage: is_Graphics(disk((0.0, 0.0), 1, (0, pi/2)))
      True

`sage.plot.graphics.``show_default`(default=None)

  Set the default for showing plots using any plot commands. If called with no arguments, returns the current default.

  If this is `True` (the default) then any plot object when displayed will be displayed as an actual plot instead of text, i.e., the show command is not needed.

  EXAMPLES:

  The default starts out as `True` in interactive use and `False` in doctests:

      sage: show_default()  # long time
      doctest:...: DeprecationWarning: this is done automatically by the doctest framework
      See http://trac.sagemath.org/14469 for details.
      False

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