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# Galois representations for elliptic curves over number fields.

This file contains the code to compute for which primes the Galois representation attached to an elliptic curve (over an arbitrary number field) is surjective. The functions in this file are called by the \(is_surjective\) and \(non_surjective\) methods of an elliptic curve over a number field.

EXAMPLES:

    sage: K = NumberField(x**2 - 29, 'a'); a = K.gen()
    sage: E = EllipticCurve([1, 0, ((5 + a)/2)**2, 0, 0])
    sage: rho = E.galois_representation()
    sage: rho.is_surjective(29) # Cyclotomic character not surjective.
    False
    sage: rho.is_surjective(31) # See Section 5.10 of [Serre72].
    True
    sage: rho.non_surjective()  # long time (4s on sage.math, 2014)
    [3, 5, 29]

    sage: E = EllipticCurve_from_j(1728).change_ring(K) # CM
    sage: E.galois_representation().non_surjective()  # long time (2s on sage.math, 2014)
    [0]

AUTHORS:

- Eric Larson (2012-05-28): initial version.
- Eric Larson (2014-08-13): added isogeny_bound function.

REFERENCES:

[Serre72] | Serre. Propriétés galoisiennes des points d’ordre fini des courbes elliptiques. Inventiones mathematicae, 1972.

[Sutherland12] | Sutherland. A local-global principle for rational isogenies of prime degree. Journal de Theorie des Nombres de Bordeaux, 2012.

class `sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.gal_reps_number_field.``GaloisRepresentation`(E)

  Bases: `sage.structure.sage_object.SageObject`

  The compatible family of Galois representation attached to an elliptic curve over a number field.

  Given an elliptic curve \(E\) over a number field \(K\) and a rational prime number \(p\), the \(p^n\)-torsion \(E[p^n]\) points of \(E\) is a representation of the absolute Galois group \(G_K\) of \(K\). As \(n\) varies we obtain the Tate module \(T_p E\) which is a a representation of \(G_K\) on a free \(\ZZ_p\)-module of rank \(2\). As \(p\) varies the representations are compatible.

  EXAMPLES:

      sage: K = NumberField(x**2 + 1, 'a')
      sage: E = EllipticCurve('11a1').change_ring(K)
      sage: rho = E.galois_representation()
      sage: rho
      Compatible family of Galois representations associated to the Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + y = x^3 + (-1)*x^2 + (-10)*x + (-20) over Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^2 + 1

  `elliptic_curve`()

    Return the elliptic curve associated to this representation.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: K = NumberField(x**2 + 1, 'a'); a = K.gen()
        sage: E = EllipticCurve_from_j(a)
        sage: rho = E.galois_representation()
        sage: rho.elliptic_curve() == E
        True

  `is_surjective`(p, A=100)

    Return `True` if the mod-p representation is (provably) surjective onto \(Aut(E[p]) = GL_2(\mathbb{F}_p)\). Return `False` if it is (probably) not.

    INPUT:

    - `p` - int - a prime number.

    - `A` - int - a bound on the number of traces of Frobenius to use

        while trying to prove surjectivity.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: K = NumberField(x**2 - 29, 'a'); a = K.gen()
        sage: E = EllipticCurve([1, 0, ((5 + a)/2)**2, 0, 0])
        sage: rho = E.galois_representation()
        sage: rho.is_surjective(29) # Cyclotomic character not surjective.
        False
        sage: rho.is_surjective(7) # See Section 5.10 of [Serre72].
        True

    If \(E\) is defined over \(\QQ\), then the exceptional primes for \(E_{/K}\) are the same as the exceptional primes for \(E\), except for those primes that are ramified in \(K/\QQ\) or are less than \([K:\QQ]\):

        sage: K = NumberField(x**2 + 11, 'a')
        sage: E = EllipticCurve([2, 14])
        sage: rhoQQ = E.galois_representation()
        sage: rhoK = E.change_ring(K).galois_representation()
        sage: rhoQQ.is_surjective(2) == rhoK.is_surjective(2)
        False
        sage: rhoQQ.is_surjective(3) == rhoK.is_surjective(3)
        True
        sage: rhoQQ.is_surjective(5) == rhoK.is_surjective(5)
        True

  `isogeny_bound`(A=100)

    Returns a list of primes \(p\) including all primes for which the image of the mod-\(p\) representation is contained in a Borel.

    INPUT:

    - `A` - int (a bound on the number of traces of Frobenius to

        use while trying to prove the mod-\(p\) representation is not contained in a Borel).

    OUTPUT:

    - `list` - A list of primes which contains (but may not be equal to) all \(p\) for which the image of the mod-\(p\) representation is contained in a Borel subgroup. At any prime not in this list, the image is definitely not contained in a Borel. If E has \(CM\) defined over \(K\), the list [0] is returned.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: K = NumberField(x**2 - 29, 'a'); a = K.gen()
        sage: E = EllipticCurve([1, 0, ((5 + a)/2)**2, 0, 0])
        sage: rho = E.galois_representation()
        sage: rho.isogeny_bound() # See Section 5.10 of [Serre72].
        [3, 5]
        sage: K = NumberField(x**2 + 1, 'a')
        sage: EllipticCurve_from_j(K(1728)).galois_representation().isogeny_bound() # CM over K
        [0]
        sage: EllipticCurve_from_j(K(0)).galois_representation().isogeny_bound() # CM NOT over K
        [2, 3]
        sage: E = EllipticCurve_from_j(K(2268945/128)) # c.f. [Sutherland12]
        sage: E.galois_representation().isogeny_bound() # No 7-isogeny, but...
        [7]

  `non_surjective`(A=100)

    Return a list of primes \(p\) including all primes for which the mod-\(p\) representation might not be surjective.

    INPUT:

    - `A` - int (a bound on the number of traces of Frobenius to use

        while trying to prove surjectivity).

    OUTPUT:

    - `list` - A list of primes where mod-\(p\) representation is very likely not surjective. At any prime not in this list, the representation is definitely surjective. If \(E\) has CM, the list [0] is returned.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: K = NumberField(x**2 - 29, 'a'); a = K.gen()
        sage: E = EllipticCurve([1, 0, ((5 + a)/2)**2, 0, 0])
        sage: rho = E.galois_representation()
        sage: rho.non_surjective() # See Section 5.10 of [Serre72].
        [3, 5, 29]
        sage: K = NumberField(x**2 + 3, 'a'); a = K.gen()
        sage: E = EllipticCurve([0, -1, 1, -10, -20]).change_ring(K) # X_0(11)
        sage: rho = E.galois_representation()
        sage: rho.non_surjective()  # long time (4s on sage.math, 2014)
        [3, 5]
        sage: K = NumberField(x**2 + 1, 'a'); a = K.gen()
        sage: E = EllipticCurve_from_j(1728).change_ring(K) # CM
        sage: rho = E.galois_representation()
        sage: rho.non_surjective()
        [0]
        sage: K = NumberField(x**2 - 5, 'a'); a = K.gen()
        sage: E = EllipticCurve_from_j(146329141248*a - 327201914880) # CM
        sage: rho = E.galois_representation()
        sage: rho.non_surjective() # long time (3s on sage.math, 2014)
        [0]

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