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# Partitions

A partition \(p\) of a nonnegative integer \(n\) is a non-increasing list of positive integers (the parts of the partition) with total sum \(n\).

A partition can be depicted by a diagram made of rows of cells, where the number of cells in the \(i^{th}\) row starting from the top is the \(i^{th}\) part of the partition.

The coordinate system related to a partition applies from the top to the bottom and from left to right. So, the corners of the partition \([5, 3, 1]\) are \([[0,4], [1,2], [2,0]]\).

For display options, see `Partitions.global_options`.

Note

- Boxes is a synonym for cells. All methods will use ‘cell’ and ‘cells’ instead of ‘box’ and ‘boxes’.
- Partitions are 0 based with coordinates in the form of (row-index, column-index).
- If given coordinates of the form `(r, c)`, then use Python’s *-operator.
- Throughout this documentation, for a partition \(\lambda\) we will denote its conjugate partition by \(\lambda^{\prime}\). For more on conjugate partitions, see `Partition.conjugate()`.
- The comparisons on partitions use lexicographic order.

Note

We use the convention that lexicographic ordering is read from left-to-right. That is to say \([1, 3, 7]\) is smaller than \([2, 3, 4]\).

AUTHORS:

- Mike Hansen (2007): initial version
- Dan Drake (2009-03-28): deprecate RestrictedPartitions and implement Partitions_parts_in
- Travis Scrimshaw (2012-01-12): Implemented latex function to Partition_class
- Travis Scrimshaw (2012-05-09): Fixed Partitions(-1).list() infinite recursion loop by saying Partitions_n is the empty set.
- Travis Scrimshaw (2012-05-11): Fixed bug in inner where if the length was longer than the length of the inner partition, it would include 0’s.
- Andrew Mathas (2012-06-01): Removed depreciated functions and added compatibility with the PartitionTuple classes. See trac ticket #13072
- Travis Scrimshaw (2012-10-12): Added global options. Made `Partition_class` to the element `Partition`. `Partitions*` are now all in the category framework except `PartitionsRestricted` (which will eventually be removed). Cleaned up documentation.

EXAMPLES:

There are \(5\) partitions of the integer \(4\):

    sage: Partitions(4).cardinality()
    5
    sage: Partitions(4).list()
    [[4], [3, 1], [2, 2], [2, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1, 1]]

We can use the method `.first()` to get the ‘first’ partition of a number:

    sage: Partitions(4).first()
    [4]

Using the method `.next()`, we can calculate the ‘next’ partition. When we are at the last partition, `None` will be returned:

    sage: Partitions(4).next([4])
    [3, 1]
    sage: Partitions(4).next([1,1,1,1]) is None
    True

We can use `iter` to get an object which iterates over the partitions one by one to save memory. Note that when we do something like `for part in Partitions(4)` this iterator is used in the background:

    sage: g = iter(Partitions(4))
    sage: g.next()
    [4]
    sage: g.next()
    [3, 1]
    sage: g.next()
    [2, 2]
    sage: for p in Partitions(4): print p
    [4]
    [3, 1]
    [2, 2]
    [2, 1, 1]
    [1, 1, 1, 1]

We can add constraints to the type of partitions we want. For example, to get all of the partitions of \(4\) of length \(2\), we’d do the following:

    sage: Partitions(4, length=2).list()
    [[3, 1], [2, 2]]

Here is the list of partitions of length at least \(2\) and the list of ones with length at most \(2\):

    sage: Partitions(4, min_length=2).list()
    [[3, 1], [2, 2], [2, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1, 1]]
    sage: Partitions(4, max_length=2).list()
    [[4], [3, 1], [2, 2]]

The options `min_part` and `max_part` can be used to set constraints on the sizes of all parts. Using `max_part`, we can select partitions having only ‘small’ entries. The following is the list of the partitions of \(4\) with parts at most \(2\):

    sage: Partitions(4, max_part=2).list()
    [[2, 2], [2, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1, 1]]

The `min_part` options is complementary to `max_part` and selects partitions having only ‘large’ parts. Here is the list of all partitions of \(4\) with each part at least \(2\):

    sage: Partitions(4, min_part=2).list()
    [[4], [2, 2]]

The options `inner` and `outer` can be used to set part-by-part constraints. This is the list of partitions of \(4\) with `[3, 1, 1]` as an outer bound (that is, partitions of \(4\) contained in the partition `[3, 1, 1]`):

    sage: Partitions(4, outer=[3,1,1]).list()
    [[3, 1], [2, 1, 1]]

`outer` sets `max_length` to the length of its argument. Moreover, the parts of `outer` may be infinite to clear constraints on specific parts. Here is the list of the partitions of \(4\) of length at most \(3\) such that the second and third part are \(1\) when they exist:

    sage: Partitions(4, outer=[oo,1,1]).list()
    [[4], [3, 1], [2, 1, 1]]

Finally, here are the partitions of \(4\) with `[1,1,1]` as an inner bound (i. e., the partitions of \(4\) containing the partition `[1,1,1]`). Note that `inner` sets `min_length` to the length of its argument:

    sage: Partitions(4, inner=[1,1,1]).list()
    [[2, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1, 1]]

The options `min_slope` and `max_slope` can be used to set constraints on the slope, that is on the difference `p[i+1]-p[i]` of two consecutive parts. Here is the list of the strictly decreasing partitions of \(4\):

    sage: Partitions(4, max_slope=-1).list()
    [[4], [3, 1]]

The constraints can be combined together in all reasonable ways. Here are all the partitions of \(11\) of length between \(2\) and \(4\) such that the difference between two consecutive parts is between \(-3\) and \(-1\):

    sage: Partitions(11,min_slope=-3,max_slope=-1,min_length=2,max_length=4).list()
    [[7, 4], [6, 5], [6, 4, 1], [6, 3, 2], [5, 4, 2], [5, 3, 2, 1]]

Partition objects can also be created individually with `Partition`:

    sage: Partition([2,1])
    [2, 1]

Once we have a partition object, then there are a variety of methods that we can use. For example, we can get the conjugate of a partition. Geometrically, the conjugate of a partition is the reflection of that partition through its main diagonal. Of course, this operation is an involution:

    sage: Partition([4,1]).conjugate()
    [2, 1, 1, 1]
    sage: Partition([4,1]).conjugate().conjugate()
    [4, 1]

If we create a partition with extra zeros at the end, they will be dropped:

    sage: Partition([4,1,0,0])
    [4, 1]
    sage: Partition([0])
    []
    sage: Partition([0,0])
    []

The idea of a partition being followed by infinitely many parts of size \(0\) is consistent with the `get_part` method:

    sage: p = Partition([5, 2])
    sage: p.get_part(0)
    5
    sage: p.get_part(10)
    0

We can go back and forth between the standard and the exponential notations of a partition. The exponential notation can be padded with extra zeros:

    sage: Partition([6,4,4,2,1]).to_exp()
    [1, 1, 0, 2, 0, 1]
    sage: Partition(exp=[1,1,0,2,0,1])
    [6, 4, 4, 2, 1]
    sage: Partition([6,4,4,2,1]).to_exp(5)
    [1, 1, 0, 2, 0, 1]
    sage: Partition([6,4,4,2,1]).to_exp(7)
    [1, 1, 0, 2, 0, 1, 0]
    sage: Partition([6,4,4,2,1]).to_exp(10)
    [1, 1, 0, 2, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0]

We can get the (zero-based!) coordinates of the corners of a partition:

    sage: Partition([4,3,1]).corners()
    [(0, 3), (1, 2), (2, 0)]

We can compute the core and quotient of a partition and build the partition back up from them:

    sage: Partition([6,3,2,2]).core(3)
    [2, 1, 1]
    sage: Partition([7,7,5,3,3,3,1]).quotient(3)
    ([2], [1], [2, 2, 2])
    sage: p = Partition([11,5,5,3,2,2,2])
    sage: p.core(3)
    []
    sage: p.quotient(3)
    ([2, 1], [4], [1, 1, 1])
    sage: Partition(core=[],quotient=([2, 1], [4], [1, 1, 1]))
    [11, 5, 5, 3, 2, 2, 2]

We can compute the \(0-1\) sequence and go back and forth:

    sage: Partitions().from_zero_one([1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0])
    [5, 4]
    sage: all(Partitions().from_zero_one(mu.zero_one_sequence())
    ....:     == mu for n in range(5) for mu in Partitions(n))
    True

We can compute the Frobenius coordinates and go back and forth:

    sage: Partition([7,3,1]).frobenius_coordinates()
    ([6, 1], [2, 0])
    sage: Partition(frobenius_coordinates=([6,1],[2,0]))
    [7, 3, 1]
    sage: all(mu == Partition(frobenius_coordinates=mu.frobenius_coordinates())
    ....:     for n in range(30) for mu in Partitions(n))
    True

We use the lexicographic ordering:

    sage: pl = Partition([4,1,1])
    sage: ql = Partitions()([3,3])
    sage: pl > ql
    True
    sage: PL = Partitions()
    sage: pl = PL([4,1,1])
    sage: ql = PL([3,3])
    sage: pl > ql
    True

class `sage.combinat.partition.``OrderedPartitions`(n, k)

  Bases: `sage.combinat.partition.Partitions`

  The class of ordered partitions of \(n\). If \(k\) is specified, then this contains only the ordered partitions of length \(k\).

  An ordered partition of a nonnegative integer \(n\) means a list of positive integers whose sum is \(n\). This is the same as a composition of \(n\).

  Note

  It is recommended that you use `Compositions()` instead as `OrderedPartitions()` wraps GAP.

  EXAMPLES:

      sage: OrderedPartitions(3)
      Ordered partitions of 3
      sage: OrderedPartitions(3).list()
      [[3], [2, 1], [1, 2], [1, 1, 1]]
      sage: OrderedPartitions(3,2)
      Ordered partitions of 3 of length 2
      sage: OrderedPartitions(3,2).list()
      [[2, 1], [1, 2]]

      sage: OrderedPartitions(10,k=2).list()
      [[9, 1], [8, 2], [7, 3], [6, 4], [5, 5], [4, 6], [3, 7], [2, 8], [1, 9]]
      sage: OrderedPartitions(4).list()
      [[4], [3, 1], [2, 2], [2, 1, 1], [1, 3], [1, 2, 1], [1, 1, 2], [1, 1, 1, 1]]

  `cardinality`()

    Return the cardinality of `self`.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: OrderedPartitions(3).cardinality()
        4
        sage: OrderedPartitions(3,2).cardinality()
        2
        sage: OrderedPartitions(10,2).cardinality()
        9
        sage: OrderedPartitions(15).cardinality()
        16384

  `list`()

    Return a list of partitions in `self`.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: OrderedPartitions(3).list()
        [[3], [2, 1], [1, 2], [1, 1, 1]]
        sage: OrderedPartitions(3,2).list()
        [[2, 1], [1, 2]]

class `sage.combinat.partition.``Partition`(parent, mu)

  Bases: `sage.combinat.combinat.CombinatorialObject`, `sage.structure.element.Element`

  A partition \(p\) of a nonnegative integer \(n\) is a non-increasing list of positive integers (the parts of the partition) with total sum \(n\).

  A partition is often represented as a diagram consisting of cells, or boxes, placed in rows on top of each other such that the number of cells in the \(i^{th}\) row, reading from top to bottom, is the \(i^{th}\) part of the partition. The rows are left-justified (and become shorter and shorter the farther down one goes). This diagram is called the Young diagram of the partition, or more precisely its Young diagram in English notation. (French and Russian notations are variations on this representation.)

  The coordinate system related to a partition applies from the top to the bottom and from left to right. So, the corners of the partition `[5, 3, 1]` are `[[0,4], [1,2], [2,0]]`.

  For display options, see `Partitions.global_options()`.

  Note

  Partitions are 0 based with coordinates in the form of (row-index, column-index). For example consider the partition `mu=Partition([4,3,2,2])`, the first part is `mu[0]` (which is 4), the second is `mu[1]`, and so on, and the upper-left cell in English convention is `(0, 0)`.

  A partition can be specified in one of the following ways:

  - a list (the default)
  - using exponential notation
  - by Frobenius coordinates
  - specifying its \(0-1\) sequence
  - specifying the core and the quotient

  See the examples below.

  EXAMPLES:

  Creating partitions though parents:

      sage: mu = Partitions(8)([3,2,1,1,1]); mu
      [3, 2, 1, 1, 1]
      sage: nu = Partition([3,2,1,1,1]); nu
      [3, 2, 1, 1, 1]
      sage: mu == nu
      True
      sage: mu is nu
      False
      sage: mu in Partitions()
      True
      sage: mu.parent()
      Partitions of the integer 8
      sage: mu.size()
      8
      sage: mu.category()
      Category of elements of Partitions of the integer 8
      sage: nu.parent()
      Partitions
      sage: nu.category()
      Category of elements of Partitions
      sage: mu[0]
      3
      sage: mu[1]
      2
      sage: mu[2]
      1
      sage: mu.pp()
      ***
      **
      *
      *
      *
      sage: mu.removable_cells()
      [(0, 2), (1, 1), (4, 0)]
      sage: mu.down_list()
      [[2, 2, 1, 1, 1], [3, 1, 1, 1, 1], [3, 2, 1, 1]]
      sage: mu.addable_cells()
      [(0, 3), (1, 2), (2, 1), (5, 0)]
      sage: mu.up_list()
      [[4, 2, 1, 1, 1], [3, 3, 1, 1, 1], [3, 2, 2, 1, 1], [3, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1]]
      sage: mu.conjugate()
      [5, 2, 1]
      sage: mu.dominates(nu)
      True
      sage: nu.dominates(mu)
      True

  Creating partitions using `Partition`:

      sage: Partition([3,2,1])
      [3, 2, 1]
      sage: Partition(exp=[2,1,1])
      [3, 2, 1, 1]
      sage: Partition(core=[2,1], quotient=[[2,1],[3],[1,1,1]])
      [11, 5, 5, 3, 2, 2, 2]
      sage: Partition(frobenius_coordinates=([3,2],[4,0]))
      [4, 4, 1, 1, 1]
      sage: Partitions().from_zero_one([1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0])
      [5, 4]
      sage: [2,1] in Partitions()
      True
      sage: [2,1,0] in Partitions()
      True
      sage: Partition([1,2,3])
      Traceback (most recent call last):
      ...
      ValueError: [1, 2, 3] is not an element of Partitions

  Sage ignores trailing zeros at the end of partitions:

      sage: Partition([3,2,1,0])
      [3, 2, 1]
      sage: Partitions()([3,2,1,0])
      [3, 2, 1]
      sage: Partitions(6)([3,2,1,0])
      [3, 2, 1]

  TESTS:

  Check that only trailing zeros are stripped:

      sage: TestSuite( Partition([]) ).run()
      sage: TestSuite( Partition([4,3,2,2,2,1]) ).run()
      sage: Partition([3,2,2,2,1,0,0,0])
      [3, 2, 2, 2, 1]
      sage: Partition([3,0,2,2,2,1,0])
      Traceback (most recent call last):
      ...
      ValueError: [3, 0, 2, 2, 2, 1, 0] is not an element of Partitions
      sage: Partition([0,7,3])
      Traceback (most recent call last):
      ...
      ValueError: [0, 7, 3] is not an element of Partitions

  `add_cell`(i, j=None)

    Return a partition corresponding to `self` with a cell added in row `i`. (This does not change `self`.)

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: Partition([3, 2, 1, 1]).add_cell(0)
        [4, 2, 1, 1]
        sage: cell = [4, 0]; Partition([3, 2, 1, 1]).add_cell(*cell)
        [3, 2, 1, 1, 1]

  `add_horizontal_border_strip`(k)

    Return a list of all the partitions that can be obtained by adding a horizontal border strip of length `k` to `self`.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: Partition([]).add_horizontal_border_strip(0)
        [[]]
        sage: Partition([]).add_horizontal_border_strip(2)
        [[2]]
        sage: Partition([2,2]).add_horizontal_border_strip(2)
        [[2, 2, 2], [3, 2, 1], [4, 2]]
        sage: Partition([3,2,2]).add_horizontal_border_strip(2)
        [[3, 2, 2, 2], [3, 3, 2, 1], [4, 2, 2, 1], [4, 3, 2], [5, 2, 2]]

    Todo

    Reimplement like `remove_horizontal_border_strip` using `IntegerListsLex`

  `add_vertical_border_strip`(k)

    Return a list of all the partitions that can be obtained by adding a vertical border strip of length `k` to `self`.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: Partition([]).add_vertical_border_strip(0)
        [[]]
        sage: Partition([]).add_vertical_border_strip(2)
        [[1, 1]]
        sage: Partition([2,2]).add_vertical_border_strip(2)
        [[3, 3], [3, 2, 1], [2, 2, 1, 1]]
        sage: Partition([3,2,2]).add_vertical_border_strip(2)
        [[4, 3, 2], [4, 2, 2, 1], [3, 3, 3], [3, 3, 2, 1], [3, 2, 2, 1, 1]]

  `addable_cells`()

    Return a list of the outside corners of the partition `self`.

    An outside corner (also called a cocorner) of a partition \(\lambda\) is a cell on \(\ZZ^2\) which does not belong to the Young diagram of \(\lambda\) but can be added to this Young diagram to still form a straight-shape Young diagram.

    The entries of the list returned are pairs of the form \((i,j)\), where \(i\) and \(j\) are the coordinates of the respective corner. The coordinates are counted from \(0\).

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: Partition([2,2,1]).outside_corners()
        [(0, 2), (2, 1), (3, 0)]
        sage: Partition([2,2]).outside_corners()
        [(0, 2), (2, 0)]
        sage: Partition([6,3,3,1,1,1]).outside_corners()
        [(0, 6), (1, 3), (3, 1), (6, 0)]
        sage: Partition([]).outside_corners()
        [(0, 0)]

  `addable_cells_residue`(i, l)

    Return a list of the outside corners of the partition `self` having `l`-residue `i`.

    An outside corner (also called a cocorner) of a partition \(\lambda\) is a cell on \(\ZZ^2\) which does not belong to the Young diagram of \(\lambda\) but can be added to this Young diagram to still form a straight-shape Young diagram. See `residue()` for the definition of the `l`-residue.

    The entries of the list returned are pairs of the form \((i,j)\), where \(i\) and \(j\) are the coordinates of the respective corner. The coordinates are counted from \(0\).

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: Partition([3,2,1]).outside_corners_residue(0, 3)
        [(0, 3), (3, 0)]
        sage: Partition([3,2,1]).outside_corners_residue(1, 3)
        [(1, 2)]
        sage: Partition([3,2,1]).outside_corners_residue(2, 3)
        [(2, 1)]

  `arm_cells`(i, j)

    Return the list of the cells of the arm of cell \((i,j)\) in `self`.

    The arm of cell \(c = (i,j)\) is the boxes that appear to the right of \(c\).

    The cell coordinates are zero-based, i. e., the northwesternmost cell is \((0,0)\).

    INPUT:

    - `i, j` – two integers

    OUTPUT:

    A list of pairs of integers

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: Partition([4,4,3,1]).arm_cells(1,1)
        [(1, 2), (1, 3)]

        sage: Partition([]).arm_cells(0,0)
        Traceback (most recent call last):
        ...
        ValueError: The cell is not in the diagram

  `arm_length`(i, j)

    Return the length of the arm of cell \((i,j)\) in `self`.

    The arm of cell \((i,j)\) is the cells that appear to the right of cell \((i,j)\).

    The cell coordinates are zero-based, i. e., the northwesternmost cell is \((0,0)\).

    INPUT:

    - `i, j` – two integers

    OUTPUT:

    An integer or a `ValueError`

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: p = Partition([2,2,1])
        sage: p.arm_length(0, 0)
        1
        sage: p.arm_length(0, 1)
        0
        sage: p.arm_length(2, 0)
        0
        sage: Partition([3,3]).arm_length(0, 0)
        2
        sage: Partition([3,3]).arm_length(*[0,0])
        2

  `arm_lengths`(flat=False)

    Return a tableau of shape `self` where each cell is filled with its arm length. The optional boolean parameter `flat` provides the option of returning a flat list.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: Partition([2,2,1]).arm_lengths()
        [[1, 0], [1, 0], [0]]
        sage: Partition([2,2,1]).arm_lengths(flat=True)
        [1, 0, 1, 0, 0]
        sage: Partition([3,3]).arm_lengths()
        [[2, 1, 0], [2, 1, 0]]
        sage: Partition([3,3]).arm_lengths(flat=True)
        [2, 1, 0, 2, 1, 0]

  `arms_legs_coeff`(i, j)

    This is a statistic on a cell \(c = (i,j)\) in the diagram of partition \(p\) given by

    \[\frac{ 1 - q^a \cdot t^{\ell + 1} }{ 1 - q^{a + 1} \cdot t^{\ell} }\]

    where \(a\) is the arm length of \(c\) and \(\ell\) is the leg length of \(c\).

    The coordinates `i` and `j` of the cell are understood to be \(0\)-based, so that `(0, 0)` is the northwesternmost cell (in English notation).

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: Partition([3,2,1]).arms_legs_coeff(1,1)
        (-t + 1)/(-q + 1)
        sage: Partition([3,2,1]).arms_legs_coeff(0,0)
        (-q^2*t^3 + 1)/(-q^3*t^2 + 1)
        sage: Partition([3,2,1]).arms_legs_coeff(*[0,0])
        (-q^2*t^3 + 1)/(-q^3*t^2 + 1)

  `atom`()

    Return a list of the standard tableaux of size `self.size()` whose atom is equal to `self`.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: Partition([2,1]).atom()
        [[[1, 2], [3]]]
        sage: Partition([3,2,1]).atom()
        [[[1, 2, 3, 6], [4, 5]], [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5], [6]]]

  `attacking_pairs`()

    Return a list of the attacking pairs of the Young diagram of `self`.

    A pair of cells \((c, d)\) of a Young diagram (in English notation) is said to be attacking if one of the following conditions holds:

    1. \(c\) and \(d\) lie in the same row with \(c\) strictly to the west of \(d\).
    2. \(c\) is in the row immediately to the south of \(d\), and \(c\) lies strictly east of \(d\).

    This particular method returns each pair \((c, d)\) as a tuple, where each of \(c\) and \(d\) is given as a tuple \((i, j)\) with \(i\) and \(j\) zero-based (so \(i = 0\) means that the cell lies in the topmost row).

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: p = Partition([3, 2])
        sage: p.attacking_pairs()
        [((0, 0), (0, 1)),
         ((0, 0), (0, 2)),
         ((0, 1), (0, 2)),
         ((1, 0), (1, 1)),
         ((1, 1), (0, 0))]
        sage: Partition([]).attacking_pairs()
        []

  `aut`()

    Return a factor for the number of permutations with cycle type `self`.

    This method returns \(1^{j_1}j_1! \cdots n^{j_n}j_n!\) where \(j_k\) is the number of parts in `self` equal to \(k\).

    The number of permutations having `self` as a cycle type is given by

    \[\frac{n!}{1^{j_1}j_1! \cdots n^{j_n}j_n!}\]

    (where \(n\) is the size of `self`).

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: Partition([2,1]).aut()
        2

  `beta_numbers`(length=None)

    Return the set of beta numbers corresponding to `self`.

    The optional argument `length` specifies the length of the beta set (which must be at least the length of `self`).

    For more on beta numbers, see `frobenius_coordinates()`.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: Partition([4,3,2]).beta_numbers()
        [6, 4, 2]
        sage: Partition([4,3,2]).beta_numbers(5)
        [8, 6, 4, 1, 0]
        sage: Partition([]).beta_numbers()
        []
        sage: Partition([]).beta_numbers(3)
        [2, 1, 0]
        sage: Partition([6,4,1,1]).beta_numbers()
        [9, 6, 2, 1]
        sage: Partition([6,4,1,1]).beta_numbers(6)
        [11, 8, 4, 3, 1, 0]
        sage: Partition([1,1,1]).beta_numbers()
        [3, 2, 1]
        sage: Partition([1,1,1]).beta_numbers(4)
        [4, 3, 2, 0]

  `cell_poset`(orientation='SE')

    Return the Young diagram of `self` as a poset. The optional keyword variable `orientation` determines the order relation of the poset.

    The poset always uses the set of cells of the Young diagram of `self` as its ground set. The order relation of the poset depends on the `orientation` variable (which defaults to `"SE"`). Concretely, `orientation` has to be specified to one of the strings `"NW"`, `"NE"`, `"SW"`, and `"SE"`, standing for “northwest”, “northeast”, “southwest” and “southeast”, respectively. If `orientation` is `"SE"`, then the order relation of the poset is such that a cell \(u\) is greater or equal to a cell \(v\) in the poset if and only if \(u\) lies weakly southeast of \(v\) (this means that \(u\) can be reached from \(v\) by a sequence of south and east steps; the sequence is allowed to consist of south steps only, or of east steps only, or even be empty). Similarly the order relation is defined for the other three orientations. The Young diagram is supposed to be drawn in English notation.

    The elements of the poset are the cells of the Young diagram of `self`, written as tuples of zero-based coordinates (so that \((3, 7)\) stands for the \(8\)-th cell of the \(4\)-th row, etc.).

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: p = Partition([3,3,1])
        sage: Q = p.cell_poset(); Q
        Finite poset containing 7 elements
        sage: sorted(Q)
        [(0, 0), (0, 1), (0, 2), (1, 0), (1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 0)]
        sage: sorted(Q.maximal_elements())
        [(1, 2), (2, 0)]
        sage: Q.minimal_elements()
        [(0, 0)]
        sage: sorted(Q.upper_covers((1, 0)))
        [(1, 1), (2, 0)]
        sage: Q.upper_covers((1, 1))
        [(1, 2)]

        sage: P = p.cell_poset(orientation="NW"); P
        Finite poset containing 7 elements
        sage: sorted(P)
        [(0, 0), (0, 1), (0, 2), (1, 0), (1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 0)]
        sage: sorted(P.minimal_elements())
        [(1, 2), (2, 0)]
        sage: P.maximal_elements()
        [(0, 0)]
        sage: P.upper_covers((2, 0))
        [(1, 0)]
        sage: sorted(P.upper_covers((1, 2)))
        [(0, 2), (1, 1)]
        sage: sorted(P.upper_covers((1, 1)))
        [(0, 1), (1, 0)]
        sage: sorted([len(P.upper_covers(v)) for v in P])
        [0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2]

        sage: R = p.cell_poset(orientation="NE"); R
        Finite poset containing 7 elements
        sage: sorted(R)
        [(0, 0), (0, 1), (0, 2), (1, 0), (1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 0)]
        sage: R.maximal_elements()
        [(0, 2)]
        sage: R.minimal_elements()
        [(2, 0)]
        sage: sorted([len(R.upper_covers(v)) for v in R])
        [0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2]
        sage: R.is_isomorphic(P)
        False
        sage: R.is_isomorphic(P.dual())
        False

    Linear extensions of `p.cell_poset()` are in 1-to-1 correspondence with standard Young tableaux of shape \(p\):

        sage: all( len(p.cell_poset().linear_extensions())
        ....:      == len(p.standard_tableaux())
        ....:      for n in range(8) for p in Partitions(n) )
        True

    This is not the case for northeast orientation:

        sage: q = Partition([3, 1])
        sage: q.cell_poset(orientation="NE").is_chain()
        True

    TESTS:

    We check that the posets are really what they should be for size up to \(7\):

        sage: def check_NW(n):
        ....:     for p in Partitions(n):
        ....:         P = p.cell_poset(orientation="NW")
        ....:         for c in p.cells():
        ....:             for d in p.cells():
        ....:                 if P.le(c, d) != (c[0] >= d[0]
        ....:                                   and c[1] >= d[1]):
        ....:                     return False
        ....:     return True
        sage: all( check_NW(n) for n in range(8) )
        True

        sage: def check_NE(n):
        ....:     for p in Partitions(n):
        ....:         P = p.cell_poset(orientation="NE")
        ....:         for c in p.cells():
        ....:             for d in p.cells():
        ....:                 if P.le(c, d) != (c[0] >= d[0]
        ....:                                   and c[1] <= d[1]):
        ....:                     return False
        ....:     return True
        sage: all( check_NE(n) for n in range(8) )
        True

        sage: def test_duality(n, ori1, ori2):
        ....:     for p in Partitions(n):
        ....:         P = p.cell_poset(orientation=ori1)
        ....:         Q = p.cell_poset(orientation=ori2)
        ....:         for c in p.cells():
        ....:             for d in p.cells():
        ....:                 if P.lt(c, d) != Q.lt(d, c):
        ....:                     return False
        ....:     return True
        sage: all( test_duality(n, "NW", "SE") for n in range(8) )
        True
        sage: all( test_duality(n, "NE", "SW") for n in range(8) )
        True
        sage: all( test_duality(n, "NE", "SE") for n in range(4) )
        False

  `cells`()

    Return the coordinates of the cells of `self`.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: Partition([2,2]).cells()
        [(0, 0), (0, 1), (1, 0), (1, 1)]
        sage: Partition([3,2]).cells()
        [(0, 0), (0, 1), (0, 2), (1, 0), (1, 1)]

  `centralizer_size`(t=0, q=0)

    Return the size of the centralizer of any permutation of cycle type `self`.

    If \(m_i\) is the multiplicity of \(i\) as a part of \(p\), this is given by

    \[\prod_i m_i! i^{m_i}.\]

    Including the optional parameters \(t\) and \(q\) gives the \(q - t\) analog which is the former product times

    \[\prod_{i=1}^{\mathrm{length}(p)} \frac{1 - q^{p_i}}{1 - t^{p_i}}.\]

    See [Ker].

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: Partition([2,2,1]).centralizer_size()
        8
        sage: Partition([2,2,2]).centralizer_size()
        48
        sage: Partition([2,2,1]).centralizer_size(q=2, t=3)
        9/16
        sage: Partition([]).centralizer_size()
        1
        sage: Partition([]).centralizer_size(q=2, t=4)
        1

  `character_polynomial`()

    Return the character polynomial associated to the partition `self`.

    The character polynomial \(q_\mu\) associated to a partition \(\mu\) is defined by

    \[q_\mu(x_1, x_2, \ldots, x_k) = \downarrow \sum_{\alpha \vdash k} \frac{ \chi^\mu_\alpha }{1^{a_1}2^{a_2}\cdots k^{a_k}a_1!a_2!\cdots a_k!} \prod_{i=1}^{k} (ix_i-1)^{a_i}\]

    where \(k\) is the size of \(\mu\), and \(a_i\) is the multiplicity of \(i\) in \(\alpha\).

    It is computed in the following manner:

    1. Expand the Schur function \(s_\mu\) in the power-sum basis,
    2. Replace each \(p_i\) with \(ix_i-1\),
    3. Apply the umbral operator \(\downarrow\) to the resulting polynomial.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: Partition([1]).character_polynomial()
        x - 1
        sage: Partition([1,1]).character_polynomial()
        1/2*x0^2 - 3/2*x0 - x1 + 1
        sage: Partition([2,1]).character_polynomial()
        1/3*x0^3 - 2*x0^2 + 8/3*x0 - x2

  `components`()

    Return a list containing the shape of `self`.

    This method exists only for compatibility with `PartitionTuples`.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: Partition([3,2]).components()
        [[3, 2]]

  `conjugacy_class_size`()

    Return the size of the conjugacy class of the symmetric group indexed by `self`.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: Partition([2,2,2]).conjugacy_class_size()
        15
        sage: Partition([2,2,1]).conjugacy_class_size()
        15
        sage: Partition([2,1,1]).conjugacy_class_size()
        6

    REFERENCES:

    [Ker] | Kerber, A. ‘Algebraic Combinatorics via Finite Group Actions’ 1.3 p24

  `conjugate`()

    Return the conjugate partition of the partition `self`. This is also called the associated partition or the transpose in the literature.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: Partition([2,2]).conjugate()
        [2, 2]
        sage: Partition([6,3,1]).conjugate()
        [3, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1]

    The conjugate partition is obtained by transposing the Ferrers diagram of the partition (see `ferrers_diagram()`):

        sage: print Partition([6,3,1]).ferrers_diagram()
        ******
        ***
        *
        sage: print Partition([6,3,1]).conjugate().ferrers_diagram()
        ***
        **
        **
        *
        *
        *

  `contains`(x)

    Return `True` if `x` is a partition whose Ferrers diagram is contained in the Ferrers diagram of `self`.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: p = Partition([3,2,1])
        sage: p.contains([2,1])
        True
        sage: all(p.contains(mu) for mu in Partitions(3))
        True
        sage: all(p.contains(mu) for mu in Partitions(4))
        False

  `content`(r, c, multicharge=[0])

    Return the content of the cell at row \(r\) and column \(c\).

    The content of a cell is \(c - r\).

    For consistency with partition tuples there is also an optional `multicharge` argument which is an offset to the usual content. By setting the `multicharge` equal to the 0-element of the ring \(\ZZ/e\ZZ\), the corresponding \(e\)-residue will be returned. This is the content modulo \(e\).

    The content (and residue) do not strictly depend on the partition, however, this method is included because it is often useful in the context of partitions.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: Partition([2,1]).content(1,0)
        -1
        sage: p = Partition([3,2])
        sage: sum([p.content(*c) for c in p.cells()])
        2

    and now we return the 3-residue of a cell:

        sage: Partition([2,1]).content(1,0, multicharge=[IntegerModRing(3)(0)])
        2

  `core`(length)

    Return the `length`-core of the partition – in the literature the core is commonly referred to as the \(k\)-core, \(p\)-core, \(r\)-core, ... .

    The \(r\)-core of a partition \(\lambda\) can be obtained by repeatedly removing rim hooks of size \(r\) from (the Young diagram of) \(\lambda\) until this is no longer possible. The remaining partition is the core.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: Partition([6,3,2,2]).core(3)
        [2, 1, 1]
        sage: Partition([]).core(3)
        []
        sage: Partition([8,7,7,4,1,1,1,1,1]).core(3)
        [2, 1, 1]

    TESTS:

        sage: Partition([3,3,3,2,1]).core(3)
        []
        sage: Partition([10,8,7,7]).core(4)
        []
        sage: Partition([21,15,15,9,6,6,6,3,3]).core(3)
        []

  `corners`()

    Return a list of the corners of the partition `self`.

    A corner of a partition \(\lambda\) is a cell of the Young diagram of \(\lambda\) which can be removed from the Young diagram while still leaving a straight shape behind.

    The entries of the list returned are pairs of the form \((i,j)\), where \(i\) and \(j\) are the coordinates of the respective corner. The coordinates are counted from \(0\).

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: Partition([3,2,1]).corners()
        [(0, 2), (1, 1), (2, 0)]
        sage: Partition([3,3,1]).corners()
        [(1, 2), (2, 0)]
        sage: Partition([]).corners()
        []

  `corners_residue`(i, l)

    Return a list of the corners of the partition `self` having `l`-residue `i`.

    A corner of a partition \(\lambda\) is a cell of the Young diagram of \(\lambda\) which can be removed from the Young diagram while still leaving a straight shape behind. See `residue()` for the definition of the `l`-residue.

    The entries of the list returned are pairs of the form \((i,j)\), where \(i\) and \(j\) are the coordinates of the respective corner. The coordinates are counted from \(0\).

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: Partition([3,2,1]).corners_residue(0, 3)
        [(1, 1)]
        sage: Partition([3,2,1]).corners_residue(1, 3)
        [(2, 0)]
        sage: Partition([3,2,1]).corners_residue(2, 3)
        [(0, 2)]

  `crank`()

    Return the Dyson crank of `self`.

    The Dyson crank of a partition \(\lambda\) is defined as follows: If \(\lambda\) contains at least one \(1\), then the crank is \(\mu(\lambda) - \omega(\lambda)\), where \(\omega(\lambda)\) is the number of \(1`s in `\lambda\), and \(\mu(\lambda)\) is the number of parts of \(\lambda\) larger than \(\omega(\lambda)\). If \(\lambda\) contains no \(1\), then the crank is simply the largest part of \(\lambda\).

    REFERENCES:

    [AG1988] | George E. Andrews, F. G. Garvan, Dyson’s crank of a partition. Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. (N.S.) Volume 18, Number 2 (1988), 167-171. http://projecteuclid.org/euclid.bams/1183554533

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: Partition([]).crank()
        0
        sage: Partition([3,2,2]).crank()
        3
        sage: Partition([5,4,2,1,1]).crank()
        0
        sage: Partition([1,1,1]).crank()
        -3
        sage: Partition([6,4,4,3]).crank()
        6
        sage: Partition([6,3,3,1,1]).crank()
        1
        sage: Partition([6]).crank()
        6
        sage: Partition([5,1]).crank()
        0
        sage: Partition([4,2]).crank()
        4
        sage: Partition([4,1,1]).crank()
        -1
        sage: Partition([3,3]).crank()
        3
        sage: Partition([3,2,1]).crank()
        1
        sage: Partition([3,1,1,1]).crank()
        -3
        sage: Partition([2,2,2]).crank()
        2
        sage: Partition([2,2,1,1]).crank()
        -2
        sage: Partition([2,1,1,1,1]).crank()
        -4
        sage: Partition([1,1,1,1,1,1]).crank()
        -6

  `dimension`(smaller=[], k=1)

    Return the number of paths from the `smaller` partition to the partition `self`, where each step consists of adding a \(k\)-ribbon while keeping a partition.

    Note that a 1-ribbon is just a single cell, so this counts paths in the Young graph when \(k = 1\).

    Note also that the default case (\(k = 1\) and `smaller = []`) gives the dimension of the irreducible representation of the symmetric group corresponding to `self`.

    INPUT:

    - `smaller` – a partition (default: an empty list `[]`)
    - \(k\) – a positive integer (default: 1)

    OUTPUT:

    The number of such paths

    EXAMPLES:

    Looks at the number of ways of getting from `[5,4]` to the empty partition, removing one cell at a time:

        sage: mu = Partition([5,4])
        sage: mu.dimension()
        42

    Same, but removing one 3-ribbon at a time. Note that the 3-core of `mu` is empty:

        sage: mu.dimension(k=3)
        3

    The 2-core of `mu` is not the empty partition:

        sage: mu.dimension(k=2)
        0

    Indeed, the 2-core of `mu` is `[1]`:

        sage: mu.dimension(Partition([1]),k=2)
        2

    TESTS:

    Checks that the sum of squares of dimensions of characters of the symmetric group is the order of the group:

        sage: all(sum(mu.dimension()^2 for mu in Partitions(i))==factorial(i) for i in range(10))
        True

    A check coming from the theory of \(k\)-differentiable posets:

        sage: k=2; core = Partition([2,1])
        sage: all(sum(mu.dimension(core,k=2)^2
        ....:         for mu in Partitions(3+i*2) if mu.core(2) == core)
        ....:     == 2^i*factorial(i) for i in range(10))
        True

    Checks that the dimension satisfies the obvious recursion relation:

        sage: test = lambda larger, smaller: larger.dimension(smaller) == sum(mu.dimension(smaller) for mu in larger.down())
        sage: all(test(larger,smaller) for l in xrange(1,10) for s in xrange(0,10)
        ....:     for larger in Partitions(l) for smaller in Partitions(s) if smaller != larger)
        True

    ALGORITHM:

    Depending on the parameters given, different simplifications occur. When \(k=1\) and `smaller` is empty, this function uses the hook formula. When \(k=1\) and `smaller` is not empty, it uses a formula from [ORV].

    When \(k \neq 1\), we first check that both `self` and `smaller` have the same \(k\)-core, then use the \(k\)-quotients and the same algorithm on each of the \(k\)-quotients.

    REFERENCES:

    [ORV] | Grigori Olshanski, Amitai Regev, Anatoly Vershik, Frobenius-Schur functions, Arxiv math/0110077v1. Possibly newer version at http://www.wisdom.weizmann.ac.il/~regev/papers/FrobeniusSchurFunctions.ps

    AUTHORS:

    - Paul-Olivier Dehaye (2011-06-07)
  `dominated_partitions`(rows=None)

    Return a list of the partitions dominated by \(n\). If `rows` is specified, then it only returns the ones whose number of rows is at most `rows`.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: Partition([3,2,1]).dominated_partitions()
        [[3, 2, 1], [3, 1, 1, 1], [2, 2, 2], [2, 2, 1, 1], [2, 1, 1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1]]
        sage: Partition([3,2,1]).dominated_partitions(rows=3)
        [[3, 2, 1], [2, 2, 2]]

  `dominates`(p2)

    Return `True` if `self` dominates the partition `p2`. Otherwise it returns `False`.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: p = Partition([3,2])
        sage: p.dominates([3,1])
        True
        sage: p.dominates([2,2])
        True
        sage: p.dominates([2,1,1])
        True
        sage: p.dominates([3,3])
        False
        sage: p.dominates([4])
        False
        sage: Partition([4]).dominates(p)
        False
        sage: Partition([]).dominates([1])
        False
        sage: Partition([]).dominates([])
        True
        sage: Partition([1]).dominates([])
        True

  `down`()

    Return a generator for partitions that can be obtained from `self` by removing a cell.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: [p for p in Partition([2,1,1]).down()]
        [[1, 1, 1], [2, 1]]
        sage: [p for p in Partition([3,2]).down()]
        [[2, 2], [3, 1]]
        sage: [p for p in Partition([3,2,1]).down()]
        [[2, 2, 1], [3, 1, 1], [3, 2]]

    TESTS:

    We check that trac ticket #11435 is fixed:

        sage: Partition([]).down_list() #indirect doctest
        []

  `down_list`()

    Return a list of the partitions that can be obtained from `self` by removing a cell.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: Partition([2,1,1]).down_list()
        [[1, 1, 1], [2, 1]]
        sage: Partition([3,2]).down_list()
        [[2, 2], [3, 1]]
        sage: Partition([3,2,1]).down_list()
        [[2, 2, 1], [3, 1, 1], [3, 2]]
        sage: Partition([]).down_list()  #checks :trac:`11435`
        []

  `evaluation`()

    Return the evaluation of `self`.

    The commutative evaluation, often shortened to evaluation, of a word (we think of a partition as a word in \(\{1, 2, 3, \ldots\}\)) is its image in the free commutative monoid. In other words, this counts how many occurrences there are of each letter.

    This is also is known as Parikh vector and abelianization and has the same output as `to_exp()`.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: Partition([4,3,1,1]).evaluation()
        [2, 0, 1, 1]

  `ferrers_diagram`()

    Return the Ferrers diagram of `self`.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: mu=Partition([5,5,2,1])
        sage: Partitions.global_options(diagram_str='*', convention="english")
        sage: print mu.ferrers_diagram()
        *****
        *****
        **
        *
        sage: Partitions.global_options(diagram_str='#')
        sage: print mu.ferrers_diagram()
        #####
        #####
        ##
        #
        sage: Partitions.global_options(convention="french")
        sage: print mu.ferrers_diagram()
        #
        ##
        #####
        #####
        sage: print Partition([]).ferrers_diagram()
        -
        sage: Partitions.global_options(diagram_str='-')
        sage: print Partition([]).ferrers_diagram()
        (/)
        sage: Partitions.global_options.reset()

  `frobenius_coordinates`()

    Return a pair of sequences of Frobenius coordinates aka beta numbers of the partition.

    These are two strictly decreasing sequences of nonnegative integers of the same length.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: Partition([]).frobenius_coordinates()
        ([], [])
        sage: Partition([1]).frobenius_coordinates()
        ([0], [0])
        sage: Partition([3,3,3]).frobenius_coordinates()
        ([2, 1, 0], [2, 1, 0])
        sage: Partition([9,1,1,1,1,1,1]).frobenius_coordinates()
        ([8], [6])

  `frobenius_rank`()

    Return the Frobenius rank of the partition `self`.

    The Frobenius rank of a partition \(\lambda = (\lambda_1, \lambda_2, \lambda_3, \cdots)\) is defined to be the largest \(i\) such that \(\lambda_i \geq i\). In other words, it is the number of cells on the main diagonal of \(\lambda\). In yet other words, it is the size of the largest square fitting into the Young diagram of \(\lambda\).

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: Partition([]).frobenius_rank()
        0
        sage: Partition([1]).frobenius_rank()
        1
        sage: Partition([3,3,3]).frobenius_rank()
        3
        sage: Partition([9,1,1,1,1,1]).frobenius_rank()
        1
        sage: Partition([2,1,1,1,1,1]).frobenius_rank()
        1
        sage: Partition([2,2,1,1,1,1]).frobenius_rank()
        2
        sage: Partition([3,2]).frobenius_rank()
        2
        sage: Partition([3,2,2]).frobenius_rank()
        2
        sage: Partition([8,4,4,4,4]).frobenius_rank()
        4
        sage: Partition([8,4,1]).frobenius_rank()
        2
        sage: Partition([3,3,1]).frobenius_rank()
        2

  `from_kbounded_to_grassmannian`(k)

    Maps a \(k\)-bounded partition to a Grassmannian element in the affine Weyl group of type \(A_k^{(1)}\).

    For details, see the documentation of the method `from_kbounded_to_reduced_word()` .

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: p=Partition([2,1,1])
        sage: p.from_kbounded_to_grassmannian(2)
        [-1  1  1]
        [-2  2  1]
        [-2  1  2]
        sage: p=Partition([])
        sage: p.from_kbounded_to_grassmannian(2)
        [1 0 0]
        [0 1 0]
        [0 0 1]

  `from_kbounded_to_reduced_word`(k)

    Maps a \(k\)-bounded partition to a reduced word for an element in the affine permutation group.

    This uses the fact that there is a bijection between \(k\)-bounded partitions and \((k+1)\)-cores and an action of the affine nilCoxeter algebra of type \(A_k^{(1)}\) on \((k+1)\)-cores as described in [LM2006].

    REFERENCES:

    [LM2006] | MR2167475 (2006j:05214) L. Lapointe, J. Morse. Tableaux on \(k+1\)-cores, reduced words for affine permutations, and \(k\)-Schur expansions. J. Combin. Theory Ser. A 112 (2005), no. 1, 44–81.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: p=Partition([2,1,1])
        sage: p.from_kbounded_to_reduced_word(2)
        [2, 1, 2, 0]
        sage: p=Partition([3,1])
        sage: p.from_kbounded_to_reduced_word(3)
        [3, 2, 1, 0]
        sage: p.from_kbounded_to_reduced_word(2)
        Traceback (most recent call last):
        ...
        ValueError: the partition must be 2-bounded
        sage: p=Partition([])
        sage: p.from_kbounded_to_reduced_word(2)
        []

  `garnir_tableau`(*cell)

    Return the Garnir tableau of shape `self` corresponding to the cell `cell`. If `cell` \(= (a,c)\) then \((a+1,c)\) must belong to the diagram of `self`.

    The Garnir tableaux play an important role in integral and non-semisimple representation theory because they determine the “straightening” rules for the Specht modules over an arbitrary ring.

    The Garnir tableaux are the “first” non-standard tableaux which arise when you act by simple transpositions. If \((a,c)\) is a cell in the Young diagram of a partition, which is not at the bottom of its column, then the corresponding Garnir tableau has the integers \(1, 2, \ldots, n\) entered in order from left to right along the rows of the diagram up to the cell \((a,c-1)\), then along the cells \((a+1,1)\) to \((a+1,c)\), then \((a,c)\) until the end of row \(a\) and then continuing from left to right in the remaining positions. The examples below probably make this clearer!

    Note

    The function also sets `g._garnir_cell`, where `g` is the resulting Garnir tableau, equal to `cell` which is used by some other functions.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: g=Partition([5,3,3,2]).garnir_tableau((0,2)); g.pp()
          1  2  6  7  8
          3  4  5
          9 10 11
         12 13
        sage: g.is_row_strict(); g.is_column_strict()
        True
        False

        sage: Partition([5,3,3,2]).garnir_tableau(0,2).pp()
          1  2  6  7  8
          3  4  5
          9 10 11
         12 13
        sage: Partition([5,3,3,2]).garnir_tableau(2,1).pp()
          1  2  3  4  5
          6  7  8
          9 12 13
         10 11
        sage: Partition([5,3,3,2]).garnir_tableau(2,2).pp()
        Traceback (most recent call last):
        ...
        ValueError: (row+1, col) must be inside the diagram

    See also

    - `top_garnir_tableau()`
  `generalized_pochhammer_symbol`(a, alpha)

    Return the generalized Pochhammer symbol \((a)_{self}^{(\alpha)}\). This is the product over all cells \((i,j)\) in `self` of \(a - (i-1) / \alpha + j - 1\).

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: Partition([2,2]).generalized_pochhammer_symbol(2,1)
        12

  `get_part`(i, default=0)

    Return the \(i^{th}\) part of `self`, or `default` if it does not exist.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: p = Partition([2,1])
        sage: p.get_part(0), p.get_part(1), p.get_part(2)
        (2, 1, 0)
        sage: p.get_part(10,-1)
        -1
        sage: Partition([]).get_part(0)
        0

  `hook_length`(i, j)

    Return the length of the hook of cell \((i,j)\) in `self`.

    The (length of the) hook of cell \((i,j)\) of a partition \(\lambda\) is

    \[\lambda_i + \lambda^{\prime}_j - i - j + 1\]

    where \(\lambda^{\prime}\) is the conjugate partition. In English convention, the hook length is the number of cells horizontally to the right and vertically below the cell \((i,j)\) (including that cell).

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: p = Partition([2,2,1])
        sage: p.hook_length(0, 0)
        4
        sage: p.hook_length(0, 1)
        2
        sage: p.hook_length(2, 0)
        1
        sage: Partition([3,3]).hook_length(0, 0)
        4
        sage: cell = [0,0]; Partition([3,3]).hook_length(*cell)
        4

  `hook_lengths`()

    Return a tableau of shape `self` with the cells filled in with the hook lengths.

    In each cell, put the sum of one plus the number of cells horizontally to the right and vertically below the cell (the hook length).

    For example, consider the partition `[3,2,1]` of 6 with Ferrers diagram:

        # # #
        # #
        #

    When we fill in the cells with the hook lengths, we obtain:

        5 3 1
        3 1
        1

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: Partition([2,2,1]).hook_lengths()
        [[4, 2], [3, 1], [1]]
        sage: Partition([3,3]).hook_lengths()
        [[4, 3, 2], [3, 2, 1]]
        sage: Partition([3,2,1]).hook_lengths()
        [[5, 3, 1], [3, 1], [1]]
        sage: Partition([2,2]).hook_lengths()
        [[3, 2], [2, 1]]
        sage: Partition([5]).hook_lengths()
        [[5, 4, 3, 2, 1]]

    REFERENCES:

    - http://mathworld.wolfram.com/HookLengthFormula.html
  `hook_polynomial`(q, t)

    Return the two-variable hook polynomial.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: R.<q,t> = PolynomialRing(QQ)
        sage: a = Partition([2,2]).hook_polynomial(q,t)
        sage: a == (1 - t)*(1 - q*t)*(1 - t^2)*(1 - q*t^2)
        True
        sage: a = Partition([3,2,1]).hook_polynomial(q,t)
        sage: a == (1 - t)^3*(1 - q*t^2)^2*(1 - q^2*t^3)
        True

  `hook_product`(a)

    Return the Jack hook-product.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: Partition([3,2,1]).hook_product(x)
        (2*x + 3)*(x + 2)^2
        sage: Partition([2,2]).hook_product(x)
        2*(x + 2)*(x + 1)

  `hooks`()

    Return a sorted list of the hook lengths in `self`.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: Partition([3,2,1]).hooks()
        [5, 3, 3, 1, 1, 1]

  `initial_tableau`()

    Return the `standard tableau` which has the numbers \(1, 2, \ldots, n\) where \(n\) is the `size()` of `self` entered in order from left to right along the rows of each component, where the components are ordered from left to right.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: Partition([3,2,2]).initial_tableau()
        [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5], [6, 7]]

  `inside_corners`()

    Return a list of the corners of the partition `self`.

    A corner of a partition \(\lambda\) is a cell of the Young diagram of \(\lambda\) which can be removed from the Young diagram while still leaving a straight shape behind.

    The entries of the list returned are pairs of the form \((i,j)\), where \(i\) and \(j\) are the coordinates of the respective corner. The coordinates are counted from \(0\).

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: Partition([3,2,1]).corners()
        [(0, 2), (1, 1), (2, 0)]
        sage: Partition([3,3,1]).corners()
        [(1, 2), (2, 0)]
        sage: Partition([]).corners()
        []

  `inside_corners_residue`(i, l)

    Return a list of the corners of the partition `self` having `l`-residue `i`.

    A corner of a partition \(\lambda\) is a cell of the Young diagram of \(\lambda\) which can be removed from the Young diagram while still leaving a straight shape behind. See `residue()` for the definition of the `l`-residue.

    The entries of the list returned are pairs of the form \((i,j)\), where \(i\) and \(j\) are the coordinates of the respective corner. The coordinates are counted from \(0\).

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: Partition([3,2,1]).corners_residue(0, 3)
        [(1, 1)]
        sage: Partition([3,2,1]).corners_residue(1, 3)
        [(2, 0)]
        sage: Partition([3,2,1]).corners_residue(2, 3)
        [(0, 2)]

  `is_core`(k)

    Tests whether the partition is a \(k\)-core or not. Visuallly, this can be checked by trying to remove border strips of size \(k\) from `self`. If this is not possible, then `self` is a \(k\)-core.

    A partition is said to be a `k`-core if it has no hooks of length \(k\). Equivalently, a partition is said to be a \(k\)-core if it is its own \(k\)-core (where the latter is defined as in `core()`).

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: p = Partition([12,8,5,5,2,2,1])
        sage: p.is_core(4)
        False
        sage: p.is_core(5)
        True
        sage: p.is_core(0)
        True

  `is_empty`()

    Return `True` if `self` is the empty partition.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: Partition([]).is_empty()
        True
        sage: Partition([2,1,1]).is_empty()
        False

  `jacobi_trudi`()

    Return the Jacobi-Trudi matrix of `self` thought of as a skew partition. See `SkewPartition.jacobi_trudi()`.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: part = Partition([3,2,1])
        sage: jt = part.jacobi_trudi(); jt
        [h[3] h[1]    0]
        [h[4] h[2]  h[]]
        [h[5] h[3] h[1]]
        sage: s = SymmetricFunctions(QQ).schur()
        sage: h = SymmetricFunctions(QQ).homogeneous()
        sage: h( s(part) )
        h[3, 2, 1] - h[3, 3] - h[4, 1, 1] + h[5, 1]
        sage: jt.det()
        h[3, 2, 1] - h[3, 3] - h[4, 1, 1] + h[5, 1]

  `k_atom`(k)

    Return a list of the standard tableaux of size `self.size()` whose `k`-atom is equal to `self`.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: p = Partition([3,2,1])
        sage: p.k_atom(1)
        []
        sage: p.k_atom(3)
        [[[1, 1, 1], [2, 2], [3]],
         [[1, 1, 1, 2], [2], [3]],
         [[1, 1, 1, 3], [2, 2]],
         [[1, 1, 1, 2, 3], [2]]]
        sage: Partition([3,2,1]).k_atom(4)
        [[[1, 1, 1], [2, 2], [3]], [[1, 1, 1, 3], [2, 2]]]

    TESTS:

        sage: Partition([1]).k_atom(1)
        [[[1]]]
        sage: Partition([1]).k_atom(2)
        [[[1]]]
        sage: Partition([]).k_atom(1)
        [[]]

  `k_boundary`(k)

    Return the skew partition formed by removing the cells of the `k`-interior, see `k_interior()`.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: p = Partition([3,2,1])
        sage: p.k_boundary(2)
        [3, 2, 1] / [2, 1]
        sage: p.k_boundary(3)
        [3, 2, 1] / [1]

        sage: p = Partition([12,8,5,5,2,2,1])
        sage: p.k_boundary(4)
        [12, 8, 5, 5, 2, 2, 1] / [8, 5, 2, 2]

  `k_conjugate`(k)

    Return the `k`-conjugate of `self`.

    The \(k\)-conjugate is the partition that is given by the columns of the \(k\)-skew diagram of the partition.

    We can also define the \(k\)-conjugate in the following way. Let \(P\) denote the bijection from \((k+1)\)-cores to \(k\)-bounded partitions. The \(k\)-conjugate of a \((k+1)\)-core \(\lambda\) is

    \[\lambda^{(k)} = P^{-1}\left( (P(\lambda))^{\prime} \right).\]

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: p = Partition([4,3,2,2,1,1])
        sage: p.k_conjugate(4)
        [3, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1]

  `k_interior`(k)

    Return the partition consisting of the cells of `self` whose hook lengths are greater than `k`.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: p = Partition([3,2,1])
        sage: p.hook_lengths()
        [[5, 3, 1], [3, 1], [1]]
        sage: p.k_interior(2)
        [2, 1]
        sage: p.k_interior(3)
        [1]

        sage: p = Partition([])
        sage: p.k_interior(3)
        []

  `k_irreducible`(k)

    Return the partition with all \(r \times (k+1-r)\) rectangles removed.

    If `self` is a \(k\)-bounded partition, then this method will return the partition where all rectangles of dimension \(r \times (k+1-r)\) for \(1 \leq r \leq k\) have been deleted.

    If `self` is not a \(k\)-bounded partition then the method will raise an error.

    INPUT:

    - `k` – a non-negative integer

    OUTPUT:

    - a partition

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: Partition([3,2,2,1,1,1]).k_irreducible(4)
        [3, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1]
        sage: Partition([3,2,2,1,1,1]).k_irreducible(3)
        []
        sage: Partition([3,3,3,2,2,2,2,2,1,1,1,1]).k_irreducible(3)
        [2, 1]

  `k_skew`(k)

    Return the \(k\)-skew partition.

    The \(k\)-skew diagram of a \(k\)-bounded partition is the skew diagram denoted \(\lambda/^k\) satisfying the conditions:

    1. row \(i\) of \(\lambda/^k\) has length \(\lambda_i\),
    2. no cell in \(\lambda/^k\) has hook-length exceeding \(k\),
    3. every square above the diagram of \(\lambda/^k\) has hook length exceeding \(k\).

    REFERENCES:

    [LM2004] | Lapointe, L. and Morse, J. ‘Order Ideals in Weak Subposets of Young’s Lattice and Associated Unimodality Conjectures’. Ann. Combin. (2004)

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: p = Partition([4,3,2,2,1,1])
        sage: p.k_skew(4)
        [9, 5, 3, 2, 1, 1] / [5, 2, 1]

  `k_split`(k)

    Return the `k`-split of `self`.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: Partition([4,3,2,1]).k_split(3)
        []
        sage: Partition([4,3,2,1]).k_split(4)
        [[4], [3, 2], [1]]
        sage: Partition([4,3,2,1]).k_split(5)
        [[4, 3], [2, 1]]
        sage: Partition([4,3,2,1]).k_split(6)
        [[4, 3, 2], [1]]
        sage: Partition([4,3,2,1]).k_split(7)
        [[4, 3, 2, 1]]
        sage: Partition([4,3,2,1]).k_split(8)
        [[4, 3, 2, 1]]

  `larger_lex`(rhs)

    Return `True` if `self` is larger than `rhs` in lexicographic order. Otherwise return `False`.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: p = Partition([3,2])
        sage: p.larger_lex([3,1])
        True
        sage: p.larger_lex([1,4])
        True
        sage: p.larger_lex([3,2,1])
        False
        sage: p.larger_lex([3])
        True
        sage: p.larger_lex([5])
        False
        sage: p.larger_lex([3,1,1,1,1,1,1,1])
        True

  `leg_cells`(i, j)

    Return the list of the cells of the leg of cell \((i,j)\) in `self`.

    The leg of cell \(c = (i,j)\) is defined to be the cells below \(c\) (in English convention).

    The cell coordinates are zero-based, i. e., the northwesternmost cell is \((0,0)\).

    INPUT:

    - `i, j` – two integers

    OUTPUT:

    A list of pairs of integers

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: Partition([4,4,3,1]).leg_cells(1,1)
        [(2, 1)]
        sage: Partition([4,4,3,1]).leg_cells(0,1)
        [(1, 1), (2, 1)]

        sage: Partition([]).leg_cells(0,0)
        Traceback (most recent call last):
        ...
        ValueError: The cell is not in the diagram

  `leg_length`(i, j)

    Return the length of the leg of cell \((i,j)\) in `self`.

    The leg of cell \(c = (i,j)\) is defined to be the cells below \(c\) (in English convention).

    The cell coordinates are zero-based, i. e., the northwesternmost cell is \((0,0)\).

    INPUT:

    - `i, j` – two integers

    OUTPUT:

    An integer or a `ValueError`

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: p = Partition([2,2,1])
        sage: p.leg_length(0, 0)
        2
        sage: p.leg_length(0,1)
        1
        sage: p.leg_length(2,0)
        0
        sage: Partition([3,3]).leg_length(0, 0)
        1
        sage: cell = [0,0]; Partition([3,3]).leg_length(*cell)
        1

  `leg_lengths`(flat=False)

    Return a tableau of shape `self` with each cell filled in with its leg length. The optional boolean parameter `flat` provides the option of returning a flat list.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: Partition([2,2,1]).leg_lengths()
        [[2, 1], [1, 0], [0]]
        sage: Partition([2,2,1]).leg_lengths(flat=True)
        [2, 1, 1, 0, 0]
        sage: Partition([3,3]).leg_lengths()
        [[1, 1, 1], [0, 0, 0]]
        sage: Partition([3,3]).leg_lengths(flat=True)
        [1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0]

  `length`()

    Return the number of parts in `self`.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: Partition([3,2]).length()
        2
        sage: Partition([2,2,1]).length()
        3
        sage: Partition([]).length()
        0

  `level`()

    Return the level of `self`, which is always 1.

    This method exists only for compatibility with `PartitionTuples`.

    EXAMPLE:

        sage: Partition([4,3,2]).level()
        1

  `lower_hook`(i, j, alpha)

    Return the lower hook length of the cell \((i,j)\) in `self`. When `alpha = 1`, this is just the normal hook length.

    The lower hook length of a cell \((i,j)\) in a partition \(\kappa\) is defined by

    \[h_*^\kappa(i,j) = \kappa^\prime_j - i + 1 + \alpha(\kappa_i - j).\]

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: p = Partition([2,1])
        sage: p.lower_hook(0,0,1)
        3
        sage: p.hook_length(0,0)
        3
        sage: [ p.lower_hook(i,j,x) for i,j in p.cells() ]
        [x + 2, 1, 1]

  `lower_hook_lengths`(alpha)

    Return a tableau of shape `self` with the cells filled in with the lower hook lengths. When `alpha = 1`, these are just the normal hook lengths.

    The lower hook length of a cell \((i,j)\) in a partition \(\kappa\) is defined by

    \[h_*^\kappa(i,j) = \kappa^\prime_j - i + 1 + \alpha(\kappa_i - j).\]

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: Partition([3,2,1]).lower_hook_lengths(x)
        [[2*x + 3, x + 2, 1], [x + 2, 1], [1]]
        sage: Partition([3,2,1]).lower_hook_lengths(1)
        [[5, 3, 1], [3, 1], [1]]
        sage: Partition([3,2,1]).hook_lengths()
        [[5, 3, 1], [3, 1], [1]]

  `next`()

    Return the partition that lexicographically follows `self`. If `self` is the last partition, then return `False`.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: Partition([4]).next()
        [3, 1]
        sage: Partition([1,1,1,1]).next()
        False

  `outer_rim`()

    Return the outer rim of `self`.

    The outer rim of a partition \(\lambda\) is defined as the cells which do not belong to \(\lambda\) and which are adjacent to cells in \(\lambda\).

    EXAMPLES:

    The outer rim of the partition \([4,1]\) consists of the cells marked with `#` below:

        ****#
        *####
        ##

        sage: Partition([4,1]).outer_rim()
        [(2, 0), (2, 1), (1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (0, 4)]

        sage: Partition([2,2,1]).outer_rim()
        [(3, 0), (3, 1), (2, 1), (2, 2), (1, 2), (0, 2)]
        sage: Partition([2,2]).outer_rim()
        [(2, 0), (2, 1), (2, 2), (1, 2), (0, 2)]
        sage: Partition([6,3,3,1,1]).outer_rim()
        [(5, 0), (5, 1), (4, 1), (3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3), (2, 3), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6), (0, 6)]
        sage: Partition([]).outer_rim()
        [(0, 0)]

  `outline`(variable=x)

    Return the outline of the partition `self`.

    This is a piecewise linear function, normalized so that the area under the partition `[1]` is 2.

    INPUT:

    - variable – a variable (default: `'x'` in the symbolic ring)

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: [Partition([5,4]).outline()(x=i) for i in range(-10,11)]
        [10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 6, 5, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]

        sage: Partition([]).outline()
        abs(x)

        sage: Partition([1]).outline()
        abs(x + 1) + abs(x - 1) - abs(x)

        sage: y=sage.symbolic.ring.var("y")
        sage: Partition([6,5,1]).outline(variable=y)
        abs(y + 6) - abs(y + 5) + abs(y + 4) - abs(y + 3) + abs(y - 1) - abs(y - 2) + abs(y - 3)

    TESTS:

        sage: integrate(Partition([1]).outline()-abs(x),(x,-10,10))
        2

  `outside_corners`()

    Return a list of the outside corners of the partition `self`.

    An outside corner (also called a cocorner) of a partition \(\lambda\) is a cell on \(\ZZ^2\) which does not belong to the Young diagram of \(\lambda\) but can be added to this Young diagram to still form a straight-shape Young diagram.

    The entries of the list returned are pairs of the form \((i,j)\), where \(i\) and \(j\) are the coordinates of the respective corner. The coordinates are counted from \(0\).

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: Partition([2,2,1]).outside_corners()
        [(0, 2), (2, 1), (3, 0)]
        sage: Partition([2,2]).outside_corners()
        [(0, 2), (2, 0)]
        sage: Partition([6,3,3,1,1,1]).outside_corners()
        [(0, 6), (1, 3), (3, 1), (6, 0)]
        sage: Partition([]).outside_corners()
        [(0, 0)]

  `outside_corners_residue`(i, l)

    Return a list of the outside corners of the partition `self` having `l`-residue `i`.

    An outside corner (also called a cocorner) of a partition \(\lambda\) is a cell on \(\ZZ^2\) which does not belong to the Young diagram of \(\lambda\) but can be added to this Young diagram to still form a straight-shape Young diagram. See `residue()` for the definition of the `l`-residue.

    The entries of the list returned are pairs of the form \((i,j)\), where \(i\) and \(j\) are the coordinates of the respective corner. The coordinates are counted from \(0\).

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: Partition([3,2,1]).outside_corners_residue(0, 3)
        [(0, 3), (3, 0)]
        sage: Partition([3,2,1]).outside_corners_residue(1, 3)
        [(1, 2)]
        sage: Partition([3,2,1]).outside_corners_residue(2, 3)
        [(2, 1)]

  `plancherel_measure`()

    Return the probability of `self` under the Plancherel probability measure on partitions of the same size.

    This probability distribution comes from the uniform distribution on permutations via the Robinson-Schensted correspondence.

    See Wikipedia article Plancherel_measure and `Partitions_n.random_element_plancherel()`.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: Partition([]).plancherel_measure()
        1
        sage: Partition([1]).plancherel_measure()
        1
        sage: Partition([2]).plancherel_measure()
        1/2
        sage: [mu.plancherel_measure() for mu in Partitions(3)]
        [1/6, 2/3, 1/6]
        sage: Partition([5,4]).plancherel_measure()
        7/1440

    TESTS:

        sage: all(sum(mu.plancherel_measure() for mu in Partitions(n))==1 for n in range(10))
        True

  `power`(k)

    Return the cycle type of the \(k\)-th power of any permutation with cycle type `self` (thus describes the powermap of symmetric groups).

    Equivalent to GAP’s `PowerPartition`.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: p = Partition([5,3])
        sage: p.power(1)
        [5, 3]
        sage: p.power(2)
        [5, 3]
        sage: p.power(3)
        [5, 1, 1, 1]
        sage: p.power(4)
        [5, 3]

    Now let us compare this to the power map on \(S_8\):

        sage: G = SymmetricGroup(8)
        sage: g = G([(1,2,3,4,5),(6,7,8)])
        sage: g
        (1,2,3,4,5)(6,7,8)
        sage: g^2
        (1,3,5,2,4)(6,8,7)
        sage: g^3
        (1,4,2,5,3)
        sage: g^4
        (1,5,4,3,2)(6,7,8)

        sage: Partition([3,2,1]).power(3)
        [2, 1, 1, 1, 1]

  `pp`()

    Prints the Ferrers diagram.

    See `ferrers_diagram()` for more on the Ferrers diagram.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: Partition([5,5,2,1]).pp()
        *****
        *****
        **
        *
        sage: Partitions.global_options(convention='French')
        sage: Partition([5,5,2,1]).pp()
        *
        **
        *****
        *****
        sage: Partitions.global_options.reset()

  `quotient`(length)

    Return the quotient of the partition – in the literature the quotient is commonly referred to as the \(k\)-quotient, \(p\)-quotient, \(r\)-quotient, ... .

    The \(r\)-quotient of a partition \(\lambda\) is a list of \(r\) partitions (labelled from \(0\) to \(r-1\)), constructed in the following way. Label each cell in the Young diagram of \(\lambda\) with its content modulo \(r\). Let \(R_i\) be the set of rows ending in a cell labelled \(i\), and \(C_i\) be the set of columns ending in a cell labelled \(i\). Then the \(j\)-th component of the quotient of \(\lambda\) is the partition defined by intersecting \(R_j\) with \(C_{j+1}\). (See Theorem 2.7.37 in [JamesKerber].)

    REFERENCES:

    [JamesKerber] | Gordon James, Adalbert Kerber, The Representation Theory of the Symmetric Group, Encyclopedia of Mathematics and its Applications, vol. 16, Addison-Wesley 1981.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: Partition([7,7,5,3,3,3,1]).quotient(3)
        ([2], [1], [2, 2, 2])

    TESTS:

        sage: Partition([8,7,7,4,1,1,1,1,1]).quotient(3)
        ([2, 1], [2, 2], [2])
        sage: Partition([10,8,7,7]).quotient(4)
        ([2], [3], [2], [1])
        sage: Partition([6,3,3]).quotient(3)
        ([1], [1], [2])
        sage: Partition([3,3,3,2,1]).quotient(3)
        ([1], [1, 1], [1])
        sage: Partition([6,6,6,3,3,3]).quotient(3)
        ([2, 1], [2, 1], [2, 1])
        sage: Partition([21,15,15,9,6,6,6,3,3]).quotient(3)
        ([5, 2, 1], [5, 2, 1], [7, 3, 2])
        sage: Partition([21,15,15,9,6,6,3,3]).quotient(3)
        ([5, 2], [5, 2, 1], [7, 3, 1])
        sage: Partition([14,12,11,10,10,10,10,9,6,4,3,3,2,1]).quotient(5)
        ([3, 3], [2, 2, 1], [], [3, 3, 3], [1])

        sage: all(p == Partition(core=p.core(k), quotient=p.quotient(k))
        ....:     for i in range(10) for p in Partitions(i)
        ....:     for k in range(1,6))
        True

  `reading_tableau`()

    Return the RSK recording tableau of the reading word of the (standard) tableau \(T\) labeled down (in English convention) each column to the shape of `self`.

    For an example of the tableau \(T\), consider the partition \(\lambda = (3,2,1)\), then we have:

        1 4 6
        2 5
        3

    For more, see `RSK()`.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: Partition([3,2,1]).reading_tableau()
        [[1, 3, 6], [2, 5], [4]]

  `removable_cells`()

    Return a list of the corners of the partition `self`.

    A corner of a partition \(\lambda\) is a cell of the Young diagram of \(\lambda\) which can be removed from the Young diagram while still leaving a straight shape behind.

    The entries of the list returned are pairs of the form \((i,j)\), where \(i\) and \(j\) are the coordinates of the respective corner. The coordinates are counted from \(0\).

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: Partition([3,2,1]).corners()
        [(0, 2), (1, 1), (2, 0)]
        sage: Partition([3,3,1]).corners()
        [(1, 2), (2, 0)]
        sage: Partition([]).corners()
        []

  `removable_cells_residue`(i, l)

    Return a list of the corners of the partition `self` having `l`-residue `i`.

    A corner of a partition \(\lambda\) is a cell of the Young diagram of \(\lambda\) which can be removed from the Young diagram while still leaving a straight shape behind. See `residue()` for the definition of the `l`-residue.

    The entries of the list returned are pairs of the form \((i,j)\), where \(i\) and \(j\) are the coordinates of the respective corner. The coordinates are counted from \(0\).

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: Partition([3,2,1]).corners_residue(0, 3)
        [(1, 1)]
        sage: Partition([3,2,1]).corners_residue(1, 3)
        [(2, 0)]
        sage: Partition([3,2,1]).corners_residue(2, 3)
        [(0, 2)]

  `remove_cell`(i, j=None)

    Return the partition obtained by removing a cell at the end of row `i` of `self`.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: Partition([2,2]).remove_cell(1)
        [2, 1]
        sage: Partition([2,2,1]).remove_cell(2)
        [2, 2]
        sage: #Partition([2,2]).remove_cell(0)

        sage: Partition([2,2]).remove_cell(1,1)
        [2, 1]
        sage: #Partition([2,2]).remove_cell(1,0)

  `remove_horizontal_border_strip`(k)

    Return the partitions obtained from `self` by removing an horizontal border strip of length `k`.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: Partition([5,3,1]).remove_horizontal_border_strip(0).list()
        [[5, 3, 1]]
        sage: Partition([5,3,1]).remove_horizontal_border_strip(1).list()
        [[5, 3], [5, 2, 1], [4, 3, 1]]
        sage: Partition([5,3,1]).remove_horizontal_border_strip(2).list()
        [[5, 2], [5, 1, 1], [4, 3], [4, 2, 1], [3, 3, 1]]
        sage: Partition([5,3,1]).remove_horizontal_border_strip(3).list()
        [[5, 1], [4, 2], [4, 1, 1], [3, 3], [3, 2, 1]]
        sage: Partition([5,3,1]).remove_horizontal_border_strip(4).list()
        [[4, 1], [3, 2], [3, 1, 1]]
        sage: Partition([5,3,1]).remove_horizontal_border_strip(5).list()
        [[3, 1]]
        sage: Partition([5,3,1]).remove_horizontal_border_strip(6).list()
        []

    The result is returned as an instance of `IntegerListsLex`:

        sage: Partition([5,3,1]).remove_horizontal_border_strip(5)
        The subpartitions of [5, 3, 1] obtained by removing an horizontal border strip of length 5

    TESTS:

        sage: Partition([3,2,2]).remove_horizontal_border_strip(2).list()
        [[3, 2], [2, 2, 1]]
        sage: Partition([3,2,2]).remove_horizontal_border_strip(2).first().parent()
        The subpartitions of [3, 2, 2] obtained by removing an horizontal border strip of length 2
        sage: Partition([]).remove_horizontal_border_strip(0).list()
        [[]]
        sage: Partition([]).remove_horizontal_border_strip(6).list()
        []

  `residue`(r, c, l)

    Return the `l`-residue of the cell at row `r` and column `c`.

    The \(\ell\)-residue of a cell is \(c - r\) modulo \(\ell\).

    This does not strictly depend upon the partition, however, this method is included because it is often useful in the context of partitions.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: Partition([2,1]).residue(1, 0, 3)
        2

  `rim`()

    Return the rim of `self`.

    The rim of a partition \(\lambda\) is defined as the cells which belong to \(\lambda\) and which are adjacent to cells not in \(\lambda\).

    EXAMPLES:

    The rim of the partition \([5,5,2,1]\) consists of the cells marked with `#` below:

        ****#
        *####
        ##
        #

        sage: Partition([5,5,2,1]).rim()
        [(3, 0), (2, 0), (2, 1), (1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (0, 4)]

        sage: Partition([2,2,1]).rim()
        [(2, 0), (1, 0), (1, 1), (0, 1)]
        sage: Partition([2,2]).rim()
        [(1, 0), (1, 1), (0, 1)]
        sage: Partition([6,3,3,1,1]).rim()
        [(4, 0), (3, 0), (2, 0), (2, 1), (2, 2), (1, 2), (0, 2), (0, 3), (0, 4), (0, 5)]
        sage: Partition([]).rim()
        []

  `sign`()

    Return the sign of any permutation with cycle type `self`.

    This function corresponds to a homomorphism from the symmetric group \(S_n\) into the cyclic group of order 2, whose kernel is exactly the alternating group \(A_n\). Partitions of sign \(1\) are called even partitions while partitions of sign \(-1\) are called odd.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: Partition([5,3]).sign()
        1
        sage: Partition([5,2]).sign()
        -1

    Zolotarev’s lemma states that the Legendre symbol \(\left(\frac{a}{p}\right)\) for an integer \(a \pmod p\) (\(p\) a prime number), can be computed as sign(p_a), where sign denotes the sign of a permutation and p_a the permutation of the residue classes \(\pmod p\) induced by modular multiplication by \(a\), provided \(p\) does not divide \(a\).

    We verify this in some examples.

        sage: F = GF(11)
        sage: a = F.multiplicative_generator();a
        2
        sage: plist = [int(a*F(x)) for x in range(1,11)]; plist
        [2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9]

    This corresponds to the permutation (1, 2, 4, 8, 5, 10, 9, 7, 3, 6) (acting the set \(\{1,2,...,10\}\)) and to the partition [10].

        sage: p = PermutationGroupElement('(1, 2, 4, 8, 5, 10, 9, 7, 3, 6)')
        sage: p.sign()
        -1
        sage: Partition([10]).sign()
        -1
        sage: kronecker_symbol(11,2)
        -1

    Now replace \(2\) by \(3\):

        sage: plist = [int(F(3*x)) for x in range(1,11)]; plist
        [3, 6, 9, 1, 4, 7, 10, 2, 5, 8]
        sage: range(1,11)
        [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
        sage: p = PermutationGroupElement('(3,4,8,7,9)')
        sage: p.sign()
        1
        sage: kronecker_symbol(3,11)
        1
        sage: Partition([5,1,1,1,1,1]).sign()
        1

    In both cases, Zolotarev holds.

    REFERENCES:

    Wikipedia article Zolotarev’s_lemma

  `size`()

    Return the size of `self`.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: Partition([2,2]).size()
        4
        sage: Partition([3,2,1]).size()
        6

  `standard_tableaux`()

    Return the `standard tableaux` of this shape.

    EXAMPLE:

        sage: Partition([3,2,2,1]).standard_tableaux()
        Standard tableaux of shape [3, 2, 2, 1]

  `suter_diagonal_slide`(n, exp=1)

    Return the image of `self` in \(Y_n\) under Suter’s diagonal slide \(\sigma_n\), where the notations used are those defined in [Sut2002].

    The set \(Y_n\) is defined as the set of all partitions \(\lambda\) such that the hook length of the \((0, 0)\)-cell (i.e. the northwestern most cell in English notation) of \(\lambda\) is less than \(n\), including the empty partition.

    The map \(\sigma_n\) sends a partition (with non-zero entries) \((\lambda_1, \lambda_2, \ldots, \lambda_m) \in Y_n\) to the partition \((\lambda_2 + 1, \lambda_3 + 1, \ldots, \lambda_m + 1, \underbrace{1, 1, \ldots, 1}_{n - m - \lambda_1\text{ ones}})\). In other words, it pads the partition with trailing zeroes until it has length \(n - \lambda_1\), then removes its first part, and finally adds \(1\) to each part.

    By Theorem 2.1 of [Sut2002], the dihedral group \(D_n\) with \(2n\) elements acts on \(Y_n\) by letting the primitive rotation act as \(\sigma_n\) and the reflection act as conjugation of partitions (`conjugate()`). This action is faithful if \(n \geq 3\).

    INPUT:

    - `n` – nonnegative integer
    - `exp` – (default: 1) how many times \(\sigma_n\) should be applied

    OUTPUT:

    The result of applying Suter’s diagonal slide \(\sigma_n\) to `self`, assuming that `self` lies in \(Y_n\). If the optional argument `exp` is set, then the slide \(\sigma_n\) is applied not just once, but `exp` times (note that `exp` is allowed to be negative, since the slide has finite order).

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: Partition([5,4,1]).suter_diagonal_slide(8)
        [5, 2]
        sage: Partition([5,4,1]).suter_diagonal_slide(9)
        [5, 2, 1]
        sage: Partition([]).suter_diagonal_slide(7)
        [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1]
        sage: Partition([]).suter_diagonal_slide(1)
        []
        sage: Partition([]).suter_diagonal_slide(7, exp=-1)
        [6]
        sage: Partition([]).suter_diagonal_slide(1, exp=-1)
        []
        sage: P7 = Partitions(7)
        sage: all( p == p.suter_diagonal_slide(9, exp=-1).suter_diagonal_slide(9)
        ....:      for p in P7 )
        True
        sage: all( p == p.suter_diagonal_slide(9, exp=3)
        ....:            .suter_diagonal_slide(9, exp=3)
        ....:            .suter_diagonal_slide(9, exp=3)
        ....:      for p in P7 )
        True
        sage: all( p == p.suter_diagonal_slide(9, exp=6)
        ....:            .suter_diagonal_slide(9, exp=6)
        ....:            .suter_diagonal_slide(9, exp=6)
        ....:      for p in P7 )
        True
        sage: all( p == p.suter_diagonal_slide(9, exp=-1)
        ....:            .suter_diagonal_slide(9, exp=1)
        ....:      for p in P7 )
        True

    Check of the assertion in [Sut2002] that \(\sigma_n\bigl( \sigma_n( \lambda^{\prime})^{\prime} \bigr) = \lambda\):

        sage: all( p.suter_diagonal_slide(8).conjugate()
        ....:      == p.conjugate().suter_diagonal_slide(8, exp=-1)
        ....:      for p in P7 )
        True

    Check of Claim 1 in [Sut2002]:

        sage: P5 = Partitions(5)
        sage: all( all( (p.suter_diagonal_slide(6) in q.suter_diagonal_slide(6).down())
        ....:           or (q.suter_diagonal_slide(6) in p.suter_diagonal_slide(6).down())
        ....:           for p in q.down() )
        ....:      for q in P5 )
        True

    TESTS:

    Check for `exp = 0`:

        sage: P = Partitions(4)
        sage: all(p == p.suter_diagonal_slide(7, 0) for p in P)
        True

    Check for invalid input:

        sage: p = Partition([2,1])
        sage: p.hook_length(0, 0)
        3
        sage: p.suter_diagonal_slide(2)
        Traceback (most recent call last):
        ...
        ValueError: the hook length must be less than n

    REFERENCES:

    [Sut2002] | (1, 2, 3, 4) Ruedi Suter. Young’s Lattice and Dihedral Symmetries. Europ. J. Combinatorics (2002) 23, 233–238. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195669801905414

  `t_completion`(t)

    Return the `t`-completion of the partition `self`.

    If \(\lambda = (\lambda_1, \lambda_2, \lambda_3, \ldots)\) is a partition and \(t\) is an integer greater or equal to \(\left\lvert \lambda \right\rvert + \lambda_1\), then the \(t\)-completion of \(\lambda\) is defined as the partition \((t - \left\lvert \lambda \right\rvert, \lambda_1, \lambda_2, \lambda_3, \ldots)\) of \(t\). This partition is denoted by \(\lambda[t]\) in [BOR09], by \(\lambda_{[t]}\) in [BdVO12], and by \(\lambda(t)\) in [CO10].

    REFERENCES:

    [BOR09] | Emmanuel Briand, Rosa Orellana, Mercedes Rosas. The stability of the Kronecker products of Schur functions. Arxiv 0907.4652v2.

    [CO10] | Jonathan Comes, Viktor Ostrik. On blocks of Deligne’s category \(\underline{\mathrm{Rep}}(S_t)\). Arxiv 0910.5695v2, http://pages.uoregon.edu/jcomes/blocks.pdf

    [BdVO12] | Christopher Bowman, Maud De Visscher, Rosa Orellana. The partition algebra and the Kronecker coefficients. Arxiv 1210.5579v6.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: Partition([]).t_completion(0)
        []
        sage: Partition([]).t_completion(1)
        [1]
        sage: Partition([]).t_completion(2)
        [2]
        sage: Partition([]).t_completion(3)
        [3]
        sage: Partition([2, 1]).t_completion(5)
        [2, 2, 1]
        sage: Partition([2, 1]).t_completion(6)
        [3, 2, 1]
        sage: Partition([4, 2, 2, 1]).t_completion(13)
        [4, 4, 2, 2, 1]
        sage: Partition([4, 2, 2, 1]).t_completion(19)
        [10, 4, 2, 2, 1]
        sage: Partition([4, 2, 2, 1]).t_completion(10)
        Traceback (most recent call last):
        ...
        ValueError: 10-completion is not defined
        sage: Partition([4, 2, 2, 1]).t_completion(5)
        Traceback (most recent call last):
        ...
        ValueError: 5-completion is not defined

  `to_core`(k)

    Maps the \(k\)-bounded partition `self` to its corresponding \(k+1\)-core.

    See also `k_skew()`.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: p = Partition([4,3,2,2,1,1])
        sage: c = p.to_core(4); c
        [9, 5, 3, 2, 1, 1]
        sage: type(c)
        <class 'sage.combinat.core.Cores_length_with_category.element_class'>
        sage: c.to_bounded_partition() == p
        True

  `to_dyck_word`(n=None)

    Return the `n`-Dyck word whose corresponding partition is `self` (or, if `n` is not specified, the \(n\)-Dyck word with smallest \(n\) to satisfy this property).

    If \(w\) is an \(n\)-Dyck word (that is, a Dyck word with \(n\) open symbols and \(n\) close symbols), then the Dyck path corresponding to \(w\) can be regarded as a lattice path in the northeastern half of an \(n \times n\)-square. The region to the northeast of this Dyck path can be regarded as a partition. It is called the partition corresponding to the Dyck word \(w\). (See `to_partition()`.)

    For every partition \(\lambda\) and every nonnegative integer \(n\), there exists at most one \(n\)-Dyck word \(w\) such that the partition corresponding to \(w\) is \(\lambda\) (in fact, such \(w\) exists if and only if \(\lambda_i + i \leq n\) for every \(i\), where \(\lambda\) is written in the form \((\lambda_1, \lambda_2, \ldots, \lambda_k)\) with \(\lambda_k > 0\)). This method computes this \(w\) for a given \(\lambda\) and \(n\). If \(n\) is not specified, this method computes the \(w\) for the smallest possible \(n\) for which such an \(w\) exists. (The minimality of \(n\) means that the partition demarcated by the Dyck path touches the diagonal.)

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: Partition([2,2]).to_dyck_word()
        [1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0]
        sage: Partition([2,2]).to_dyck_word(4)
        [1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0]
        sage: Partition([2,2]).to_dyck_word(5)
        [1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0]
        sage: Partition([6,3,1]).to_dyck_word()
        [1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0]
        sage: Partition([]).to_dyck_word()
        []
        sage: Partition([]).to_dyck_word(3)
        [1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0]

    The partition corresponding to `self.dyck_word()` is `self` indeed:

        sage: all( p.to_dyck_word().to_partition() == p
        ....:      for p in Partitions(5) )
        True

  `to_exp`(k=0)

    Return a list of the multiplicities of the parts of a partition. Use the optional parameter `k` to get a return list of length at least `k`.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: Partition([3,2,2,1]).to_exp()
        [1, 2, 1]
        sage: Partition([3,2,2,1]).to_exp(5)
        [1, 2, 1, 0, 0]

    TESTS:

        sage: [parent(x) for x in Partition([3,2,2,1]).to_exp(5)]
        [Integer Ring, Integer Ring, Integer Ring, Integer Ring, Integer Ring]

  `to_exp_dict`()

    Return a dictionary containing the multiplicities of the parts of `self`.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: p = Partition([4,2,2,1])
        sage: d = p.to_exp_dict()
        sage: d[4]
        1
        sage: d[2]
        2
        sage: d[1]
        1
        sage: 5 in d
        False

  `to_list`()

    Return `self` as a list.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: p = Partition([2,1]).to_list(); p
        [2, 1]
        sage: type(p)
        <type 'list'>

    TESTS:

        sage: p = Partition([2,1])
        sage: pl = p.to_list()
        sage: pl[0] = 0; p
        [2, 1]

  `top_garnir_tableau`(e, cell)

    Return the most dominant standard tableau which dominates the corresponding Garnir tableau and has the same `e`-residue.

    The Garnir tableau play an important role in integral and non-semisimple representation theory because they determine the “straightening” rules for the Specht modules. The top Garnir tableaux arise in the graded representation theory of the symmetric groups and higher level Hecke algebras. They were introduced in [KMR].

    If the Garnir node is `cell=(r,c)` and \(m\) and \(M\) are the entries in the cells `(r,c)` and `(r+1,c)`, respectively, in the initial tableau then the top `e`-Garnir tableau is obtained by inserting the numbers \(m, m+1, \ldots, M\) in order from left to right first in the cells in row `r+1` which are not in the `e`-Garnir belt, then in the cell in rows `r` and `r+1` which are in the Garnir belt and then, finally, in the remaining cells in row `r` which are not in the Garnir belt. All other entries in the tableau remain unchanged.

    If `e = 0`, or if there are no `e`-bricks in either row `r` or `r+1`, then the top Garnir tableau is the corresponding Garnir tableau.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: Partition([5,4,3,2]).top_garnir_tableau(2,(0,2)).pp()
           1  2  4  5  8
           3  6  7  9
          10 11 12
          13 14
        sage: Partition([5,4,3,2]).top_garnir_tableau(3,(0,2)).pp()
           1  2  3  4  5
           6  7  8  9
          10 11 12
          13 14
        sage: Partition([5,4,3,2]).top_garnir_tableau(4,(0,2)).pp()
           1  2  6  7  8
           3  4  5  9
          10 11 12
          13 14
        sage: Partition([5,4,3,2]).top_garnir_tableau(0,(0,2)).pp()
           1  2  6  7  8
           3  4  5  9
          10 11 12
          13 14

    TESTS:

        sage: Partition([5,4,3,2]).top_garnir_tableau(0,(3,2)).pp()
        Traceback (most recent call last):
        ...
        ValueError: (4,2)=(row+1,col) must be inside the diagram

    REFERENCE:

    - [KMR]
  `up`()

    Returns a generator for partitions that can be obtained from `self` by adding a cell.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: [p for p in Partition([2,1,1]).up()]
        [[3, 1, 1], [2, 2, 1], [2, 1, 1, 1]]
        sage: [p for p in Partition([3,2]).up()]
        [[4, 2], [3, 3], [3, 2, 1]]
        sage: [p for p in Partition([]).up()]
        [[1]]

  `up_list`()

    Return a list of the partitions that can be formed from `self` by adding a cell.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: Partition([2,1,1]).up_list()
        [[3, 1, 1], [2, 2, 1], [2, 1, 1, 1]]
        sage: Partition([3,2]).up_list()
        [[4, 2], [3, 3], [3, 2, 1]]
        sage: Partition([]).up_list()
        [[1]]

  `upper_hook`(i, j, alpha)

    Return the upper hook length of the cell \((i,j)\) in `self`. When `alpha = 1`, this is just the normal hook length.

    The upper hook length of a cell \((i,j)\) in a partition \(\kappa\) is defined by

    \[h^*_\kappa(i,j) = \kappa^\prime_j - i + \alpha(\kappa_i - j + 1).\]

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: p = Partition([2,1])
        sage: p.upper_hook(0,0,1)
        3
        sage: p.hook_length(0,0)
        3
        sage: [ p.upper_hook(i,j,x) for i,j in p.cells() ]
        [2*x + 1, x, x]

  `upper_hook_lengths`(alpha)

    Return a tableau of shape `self` with the cells filled in with the upper hook lengths. When `alpha = 1`, these are just the normal hook lengths.

    The upper hook length of a cell \((i,j)\) in a partition \(\kappa\) is defined by

    \[h^*_\kappa(i,j) = \kappa^\prime_j - i + \alpha(\kappa_i - j + 1).\]

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: Partition([3,2,1]).upper_hook_lengths(x)
        [[3*x + 2, 2*x + 1, x], [2*x + 1, x], [x]]
        sage: Partition([3,2,1]).upper_hook_lengths(1)
        [[5, 3, 1], [3, 1], [1]]
        sage: Partition([3,2,1]).hook_lengths()
        [[5, 3, 1], [3, 1], [1]]

  `weighted_size`()

    Return the weighted size of `self`.

    The weighted size of a partition \(\lambda\) is

    \[\sum_i i \cdot \lambda_i,\]

    where \(\lambda = (\lambda_0, \lambda_1, \lambda_2, \cdots )\).

    This also the sum of the leg length of every cell in \(\lambda\), or

    \[\sum_i \binom{\lambda^{\prime}_i}{2}\]

    where \(\lambda^{\prime}\) is the conjugate partition of \(\lambda\).

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: Partition([2,2]).weighted_size()
        2
        sage: Partition([3,3,3]).weighted_size()
        9
        sage: Partition([5,2]).weighted_size()
        2
        sage: Partition([]).weighted_size()
        0

  `young_subgroup`()

    Return the corresponding Young, or parabolic, subgroup of the symmetric group.

    The Young subgroup of a partition \(\lambda = (\lambda_1, \lambda_2, \ldots, \lambda_{\ell})\) of \(n\) is the group:

    \[S_{\lambda_1} \times S_{\lambda_2} \times \cdots \times S_{\lambda_{\ell}}\]

    embedded into \(S_n\) in the standard way (i.e., the \(S_{\lambda_i}\) factor acts on the numbers from \(\lambda_1 + \lambda_2 + \cdots + \lambda_{i-1} + 1\) to \(\lambda_1 + \lambda_2 + \cdots + \lambda_i\)).

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: Partition([4,2]).young_subgroup()
        Permutation Group with generators [(), (5,6), (3,4), (2,3), (1,2)]

  `young_subgroup_generators`()

    Return an indexing set for the generators of the corresponding Young subgroup. Here the generators correspond to the simple adjacent transpositions \(s_i = (i \; i+1)\).

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: Partition([4,2]).young_subgroup_generators()
        [1, 2, 3, 5]
        sage: Partition([1,1,1]).young_subgroup_generators()
        []
        sage: Partition([2,2]).young_subgroup_generators()
        [1, 3]

  `zero_one_sequence`()

    Compute the finite \(0-1\) sequence of the partition.

    The full \(0-1\) sequence is the sequence (infinite in both directions) indicating the steps taken when following the outer rim of the diagram of the partition. We use the convention that in English convention, a 1 corresponds to an East step, and a 0 corresponds to a North step.

    Note that every full \(0-1\) sequence starts with infinitely many 0’s and ends with infinitely many 1’s.

    One place where these arise is in the affine symmetric group where one takes an affine permutation \(w\) and every \(i\) such that \(w(i) \leq 0\) corresponds to a 1 and \(w(i) > 0\) corresponds to a 0. See pages 24-25 of [LLMMSZ13] for connections to affine Grassmannian elements (note there they use the French convention for their partitions).

    These are also known as path sequences, Maya diagrams, plus-minus diagrams, Comet code [Sta-EC2], among others.

    OUTPUT:

    The finite \(0-1\) sequence is obtained from the full \(0-1\) sequence by omitting all heading 0’s and trailing 1’s. The output sequence is finite, starts with a 1 and ends with a 0 (unless it is empty, for the empty partition). Its length is the sum of the first part of the partition with the length of the partition.

    REFERENCES:

    [LLMMSZ13] | Thomas Lam, Luc Laponte, Jennifer Morse, Anne Schilling, Mark Shimozono, and Mike Zabrocki. \(k\)-Schur Functions and Affine Schubert Calculus. 2013. Arxiv 1301.3569.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: Partition([5,4]).zero_one_sequence()
        [1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0]
        sage: Partition([]).zero_one_sequence()
        []
        sage: Partition([2]).zero_one_sequence()
        [1, 1, 0]

    TESTS:

        sage: all(Partitions().from_zero_one(mu.zero_one_sequence()) == mu for n in range(10) for mu in Partitions(n))
        True

class `sage.combinat.partition.``Partitions`(is_infinite=False)

  Bases: `sage.structure.unique_representation.UniqueRepresentation`, `sage.structure.parent.Parent`

  `Partitions(n, **kwargs)` returns the combinatorial class of integer partitions of \(n\) subject to the constraints given by the keywords.

  Valid keywords are: `starting`, `ending`, `min_part`, `max_part`, `max_length`, `min_length`, `length`, `max_slope`, `min_slope`, `inner`, `outer`, and `parts_in`. They have the following meanings:

  - `starting=p` specifies that the partitions should all be less than or equal to \(p\) in lex order. This argument cannot be combined with any other (see trac ticket #15467).
  - `ending=p` specifies that the partitions should all be greater than or equal to \(p\) in lex order. This argument cannot be combined with any other (see trac ticket #15467).
  - `length=k` specifies that the partitions have exactly \(k\) parts.
  - `min_length=k` specifies that the partitions have at least \(k\) parts.
  - `min_part=k` specifies that all parts of the partitions are at least \(k\).
  - `inner=p` specifies that the partitions must contain the partition \(p\).
  - `outer=p` specifies that the partitions be contained inside the partition \(p\).
  - `min_slope=k` specifies that the partitions have slope at least \(k\); the slope is the difference between successive parts.
  - `parts_in=S` specifies that the partitions have parts in the set \(S\), which can be any sequence of pairwise distinct positive integers. This argument cannot be combined with any other (see trac ticket #15467).

  EXAMPLES:

  If no arguments are passed, then the combinatorial class of all integer partitions is returned:

      sage: Partitions()
      Partitions
      sage: [2,1] in Partitions()
      True

  If an integer \(n\) is passed, then the combinatorial class of integer partitions of \(n\) is returned:

      sage: Partitions(3)
      Partitions of the integer 3
      sage: Partitions(3).list()
      [[3], [2, 1], [1, 1, 1]]

  If `starting=p` is passed, then the combinatorial class of partitions greater than or equal to \(p\) in lexicographic order is returned:

      sage: Partitions(3, starting=[2,1])
      Partitions of the integer 3 starting with [2, 1]
      sage: Partitions(3, starting=[2,1]).list()
      [[2, 1], [1, 1, 1]]

  If `ending=p` is passed, then the combinatorial class of partitions at most \(p\) in lexicographic order is returned:

      sage: Partitions(3, ending=[2,1])
      Partitions of the integer 3 ending with [2, 1]
      sage: Partitions(3, ending=[2,1]).list()
      [[3], [2, 1]]

  Using `max_slope=-1` yields partitions into distinct parts – each part differs from the next by at least 1. Use a different `max_slope` to get parts that differ by, say, 2:

      sage: Partitions(7, max_slope=-1).list()
      [[7], [6, 1], [5, 2], [4, 3], [4, 2, 1]]
      sage: Partitions(15, max_slope=-1).cardinality()
      27

  The number of partitions of \(n\) into odd parts equals the number of partitions into distinct parts. Let’s test that for \(n\) from 10 to 20:

      sage: test = lambda n: Partitions(n, max_slope=-1).cardinality() == Partitions(n, parts_in=[1,3..n]).cardinality()
      sage: all(test(n) for n in [10..20])
      True

  The number of partitions of \(n\) into distinct parts that differ by at least 2 equals the number of partitions into parts that equal 1 or 4 modulo 5; this is one of the Rogers-Ramanujan identities:

      sage: test = lambda n: Partitions(n, max_slope=-2).cardinality() == Partitions(n, parts_in=([1,6..n] + [4,9..n])).cardinality()
      sage: all(test(n) for n in [10..20])
      True

  Here are some more examples illustrating `min_part`, `max_part`, and `length`:

      sage: Partitions(5,min_part=2)
      Partitions of the integer 5 satisfying constraints min_part=2
      sage: Partitions(5,min_part=2).list()
      [[5], [3, 2]]

      sage: Partitions(3,max_length=2).list()
      [[3], [2, 1]]

      sage: Partitions(10, min_part=2, length=3).list()
      [[6, 2, 2], [5, 3, 2], [4, 4, 2], [4, 3, 3]]

  Here are some further examples using various constraints:

      sage: [x for x in Partitions(4)]
      [[4], [3, 1], [2, 2], [2, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1, 1]]
      sage: [x for x in Partitions(4, length=2)]
      [[3, 1], [2, 2]]
      sage: [x for x in Partitions(4, min_length=2)]
      [[3, 1], [2, 2], [2, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1, 1]]
      sage: [x for x in Partitions(4, max_length=2)]
      [[4], [3, 1], [2, 2]]
      sage: [x for x in Partitions(4, min_length=2, max_length=2)]
      [[3, 1], [2, 2]]
      sage: [x for x in Partitions(4, max_part=2)]
      [[2, 2], [2, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1, 1]]
      sage: [x for x in Partitions(4, min_part=2)]
      [[4], [2, 2]]
      sage: [x for x in Partitions(4, outer=[3,1,1])]
      [[3, 1], [2, 1, 1]]
      sage: [x for x in Partitions(4, outer=[infinity, 1, 1])]
      [[4], [3, 1], [2, 1, 1]]
      sage: [x for x in Partitions(4, inner=[1,1,1])]
      [[2, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1, 1]]
      sage: [x for x in Partitions(4, max_slope=-1)]
      [[4], [3, 1]]
      sage: [x for x in Partitions(4, min_slope=-1)]
      [[4], [2, 2], [2, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1, 1]]
      sage: [x for x in Partitions(11, max_slope=-1, min_slope=-3, min_length=2, max_length=4)]
      [[7, 4], [6, 5], [6, 4, 1], [6, 3, 2], [5, 4, 2], [5, 3, 2, 1]]
      sage: [x for x in Partitions(11, max_slope=-1, min_slope=-3, min_length=2, max_length=4, outer=[6,5,2])]
      [[6, 5], [6, 4, 1], [6, 3, 2], [5, 4, 2]]

  Note that if you specify `min_part=0`, then it will treat the minimum part as being 1 (see trac ticket #13605):

      sage: [x for x in Partitions(4, length=3, min_part=0)]
      [[2, 1, 1]]
      sage: [x for x in Partitions(4, min_length=3, min_part=0)]
      [[2, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1, 1]]

  Except for very special cases, counting is done by brute force iteration through all the partitions. However the iteration itself has a reasonable complexity (constant memory, constant amortized time), which allow for manipulating large partitions:

      sage: Partitions(1000, max_length=1).list()
      [[1000]]

  In particular, getting the first element is also constant time:

      sage: Partitions(30, max_part=29).first()
      [29, 1]

  TESTS:

      sage: TestSuite(Partitions(0)).run()
      sage: TestSuite(Partitions(5)).run()
      sage: TestSuite(Partitions(5, min_part=2)).run() # Not tested: todo - IntegerListsLex needs to pickle properly

      sage: repr( Partitions(5, min_part=2) )
      'Partitions of the integer 5 satisfying constraints min_part=2'

      sage: P = Partitions(5, min_part=2)
      sage: P.first().parent()
      Partitions...
      sage: [2,1] in P
      False
      sage: [2,2,1] in P
      False
      sage: [3,2] in P
      True

      sage: Partitions(5, inner=[2,1], min_length=3).list()
      [[3, 1, 1], [2, 2, 1], [2, 1, 1, 1]]
      sage: Partitions(5, inner=Partition([2,2]), min_length=3).list()
      [[2, 2, 1]]
      sage: Partitions(7, inner=(2, 2), min_length=3).list()
      [[4, 2, 1], [3, 3, 1], [3, 2, 2], [3, 2, 1, 1], [2, 2, 2, 1], [2, 2, 1, 1, 1]]
      sage: Partitions(5, inner=[2,0,0,0,0,0]).list()
      [[5], [4, 1], [3, 2], [3, 1, 1], [2, 2, 1], [2, 1, 1, 1]]
      sage: Partitions(6, length=2, max_slope=-1).list()
      [[5, 1], [4, 2]]

      sage: Partitions(length=2, max_slope=-1).list()
      Traceback (most recent call last):
      ...
      ValueError: the size must be specified with any keyword argument

      sage: Partitions(max_part = 3)
      3-Bounded Partitions

  Check that trac ticket #14145 has been fixed:

      sage: 1 in Partitions()
      False

  Check trac ticket #15467:

      sage: Partitions(5,parts_in=[1,2,3,4], length=4)
      Traceback (most recent call last):
      ...
      ValueError: The parameters 'parts_in', 'starting' and 'ending' cannot be combined with anything else.
      sage: Partitions(5,starting=[3,2], length=2)
      Traceback (most recent call last):
      ...
      ValueError: The parameters 'parts_in', 'starting' and 'ending' cannot be combined with anything else.
      sage: Partitions(5,ending=[3,2], length=2)
      Traceback (most recent call last):
      ...
      ValueError: The parameters 'parts_in', 'starting' and 'ending' cannot be combined with anything else.
      sage: Partitions(NN, length=2)
      Traceback (most recent call last):
      ...
      ValueError: the size must be specified with any keyword argument
      sage: Partitions(('la','la','laaaa'), max_part=8)
      Traceback (most recent call last):
      ...
      ValueError: n must be an integer or be equal to one of None, NN, NonNegativeIntegers()

  Check that calling `Partitions` with `outer=a` no longer mutates `a` (trac ticket #16234):

      sage: a = [4,2,1,1,1,1,1]
      sage: for p in Partitions(8, outer=a, min_slope=-1):
      ....:    print p
      ....:
      [3, 2, 1, 1, 1]
      [2, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1]
      [2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1]
      sage: a
      [4, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1]

  `Element`

    alias of `Partition`

  `from_beta_numbers`(beta)

    Return a partition corresponding to a sequence of beta numbers.

    A sequence of beta numbers is a strictly increasing sequence \(0 \leq b_1 < \cdots < b_k\) of non-negative integers. The corresponding partition \(\mu = (\mu_k, \ldots, \mu_1)\) is given by \(\mu_i = [1,i) \setminus \{ b_1, \ldots, b_i \}\). This gives a bijection from the set of partitions with at most \(k\) non-zero parts to the set of strictly increasing sequences of non-negative integers of length \(k\).

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: Partitions().from_beta_numbers([0,1,2,4,5,8])
        [3, 1, 1]
        sage: Partitions().from_beta_numbers([0,2,3,6])
        [3, 1, 1]

  `from_core_and_quotient`(core, quotient)

    Returns a partition from its core and quotient.

    Algorithm from mupad-combinat.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: Partitions().from_core_and_quotient([2,1], [[2,1],[3],[1,1,1]])
        [11, 5, 5, 3, 2, 2, 2]

    TESTS:

    > sage: Partitions().from_core_and_quotient([2,1], [[2,1],[2,3,1],[1,1,1]]) Traceback (most recent call last): ... ValueError: the quotient [[2, 1], [2, 3, 1], [1, 1, 1]] must be a tuple of partitions

    We check that trac ticket #11412 is actually fixed:

        sage: test = lambda x, k: x == Partition(core=x.core(k),
        ...                                      quotient=x.quotient(k))
        sage: all(test(mu,k) for k in range(1,5)
        ...       for n in range(10) for mu in Partitions(n))
        True
        sage: test2 = lambda core, mus: (
        ...       Partition(core=core, quotient=mus).core(mus.level()) == core
        ...       and
        ...       Partition(core=core, quotient=mus).quotient(mus.level()) == mus)
        sage: all(test2(core,mus)  # long time (5s on sage.math, 2011)
        ...       for k in range(1,10)
        ...       for n_core in range(10-k)
        ...       for core in Partitions(n_core)
        ...       if core.core(k) == core
        ...       for n_mus in range(10-k)
        ...       for mus in PartitionTuples(k,n_mus))
        True

  `from_exp`(exp)

    Returns a partition from its list of multiplicities.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: Partitions().from_exp([2,2,1])
        [3, 2, 2, 1, 1]

  `from_frobenius_coordinates`(frobenius_coordinates)

    Returns a partition from a pair of sequences of Frobenius coordinates.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: Partitions().from_frobenius_coordinates(([],[]))
        []
        sage: Partitions().from_frobenius_coordinates(([0],[0]))
        [1]
        sage: Partitions().from_frobenius_coordinates(([1],[1]))
        [2, 1]
        sage: Partitions().from_frobenius_coordinates(([6,3,2],[4,1,0]))
        [7, 5, 5, 1, 1]

  `from_zero_one`(seq)

    Return a partition from its \(0-1\) sequence.

    The full \(0-1\) sequence is the sequence (infinite in both directions) indicating the steps taken when following the outer rim of the diagram of the partition. We use the convention that in English convention, a 1 corresponds to an East step, and a 0 corresponds to a North step.

    Note that every full \(0-1\) sequence starts with infinitely many 0’s and ends with infinitely many 1’s.

    See also

    `Partition.zero_one_sequence()`

    INPUT:

    The input should be a finite sequence of 0’s and 1’s. The heading 0’s and trailing 1’s will be discarded.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: Partitions().from_zero_one([])
        []
        sage: Partitions().from_zero_one([1,0])
        [1]
        sage: Partitions().from_zero_one([1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0])
        [5, 4]

    Heading 0’s and trailing 1’s are correctly handled:

        sage: Partitions().from_zero_one([0,0,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,1,1,1])
        [5, 4]

    TESTS:

        sage: all(Partitions().from_zero_one(mu.zero_one_sequence()) == mu for n in range(10) for mu in Partitions(n))
        True

  `global_options`(*get_value, **set_value)

    Sets and displays the global options for elements of the partition, skew partition, and partition tuple classes. If no parameters are set, then the function returns a copy of the options dictionary.

    The `options` to partitions can be accessed as the method `Partitions.global_options` of `Partitions` and related parent classes.

    OPTIONS:

    - `convention` – (default: `English`) Sets the convention used for displaying tableaux and partitions
      - `English` – use the English convention
      - `French` – use the French convention
    - `diagram_str` – (default: `*`) The character used for the cells when printing Ferrers diagrams
    - `display` – (default: `list`) Specifies how partitions should be printed
      - `array` – alias for `diagram`
      - `compact` – alias for `compact_low`
      - `compact_high` – compact form of `exp_high`
      - `compact_low` – compact form of `exp_low`
      - `diagram` – as a Ferrers diagram
      - `exp` – alias for `exp_low`
      - `exp_high` – in exponential form (highest first)
      - `exp_low` – in exponential form (lowest first)
      - `ferrers_diagram` – alias for `diagram`
      - `list` – displayed as a list
      - `young_diagram` – alias for `diagram`
    - `latex` – (default: `young_diagram`) Specifies how partitions should be latexed
      - `array` – alias for `diagram`
      - `diagram` – latex as a Ferrers diagram
      - `exp` – alias for `exp_low`
      - `exp_high` – latex as a list in exponential notation (highest first)
      - `exp_low` – as a list latex in exponential notation (lowest first)
      - `ferrers_diagram` – alias for `diagram`
      - `list` – latex as a list
      - `young_diagram` – latex as a Young diagram
    - `latex_diagram_str` – (default: `\ast`) The character used for the cells when latexing Ferrers diagrams
    - `notation` – alternative name for `convention`

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: P = Partition([4,2,2,1])
        sage: P
        [4, 2, 2, 1]
        sage: Partitions.global_options(display="exp")
        sage: P
        1, 2^2, 4
        sage: Partitions.global_options(display="exp_high")
        sage: P
        4, 2^2, 1

    It is also possible to use user defined functions for the `display` and `latex` options:

        sage: Partitions.global_options(display=lambda mu: '<%s>' % ','.join('%s'%m for m in mu._list)); P
        <4,2,2,1>
        sage: Partitions.global_options(latex=lambda mu: '\\Diagram{%s}' % ','.join('%s'%m for m in mu._list)); latex(P)
        \Diagram{4,2,2,1}
        sage: Partitions.global_options(display="diagram", diagram_str="#")
        sage: P
        ####
        ##
        ##
        #
        sage: Partitions.global_options(diagram_str="*", convention="french")
        sage: print P.ferrers_diagram()
        *
        **
        **
        ****

    Changing the `convention` for partitions also changes the `convention` option for tableaux and vice versa:

        sage: T = Tableau([[1,2,3],[4,5]])
        sage: T.pp()
          4  5
          1  2  3
        sage: Tableaux.global_options(convention="english")
        sage: print P.ferrers_diagram()
        ****
        **
        **
        *
        sage: T.pp()
          1  2  3
          4  5
        sage: Partitions.global_options.reset()

    See `GlobalOptions` for more features of these options.

  `subset`(*args, **kwargs)

    Return `self` if no arguments are given, otherwise raises a `ValueError`.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: P = Partitions(5, starting=[3,1]); P
        Partitions of the integer 5 starting with [3, 1]
        sage: P.subset()
        Partitions of the integer 5 starting with [3, 1]
        sage: P.subset(ending=[3,1])
        Traceback (most recent call last):
        ...
        ValueError: Invalid combination of arguments

class `sage.combinat.partition.``PartitionsGreatestEQ`(n, k)

  Bases: `sage.combinat.integer_list.IntegerListsLex`, `sage.structure.unique_representation.UniqueRepresentation`

  The class of all (unordered) “restricted” partitions of the integer \(n\) having its greatest part equal to the integer \(k\).

  EXAMPLES:

      sage: PartitionsGreatestEQ(10,2)
      Partitions of 10 having greatest part equal to 2
      sage: PartitionsGreatestEQ(10,2).list()
      [[2, 2, 2, 2, 2],
       [2, 2, 2, 2, 1, 1],
       [2, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1],
       [2, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1],
       [2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1]]

      sage: [4,3,2,1] in PartitionsGreatestEQ(10,2)
      False
      sage: [2,2,2,2,2] in PartitionsGreatestEQ(10,2)
      True
      sage: [1]*10 in PartitionsGreatestEQ(10,2)
      False

      sage: PartitionsGreatestEQ(10,2).first().parent()
      Partitions...

  `Element`

    alias of `Partition`

  `global_options`(*get_value, **set_value)

    Sets and displays the global options for elements of the partition, skew partition, and partition tuple classes. If no parameters are set, then the function returns a copy of the options dictionary.

    The `options` to partitions can be accessed as the method `Partitions.global_options` of `Partitions` and related parent classes.

    OPTIONS:

    - `convention` – (default: `English`) Sets the convention used for displaying tableaux and partitions
      - `English` – use the English convention
      - `French` – use the French convention
    - `diagram_str` – (default: `*`) The character used for the cells when printing Ferrers diagrams
    - `display` – (default: `list`) Specifies how partitions should be printed
      - `array` – alias for `diagram`
      - `compact` – alias for `compact_low`
      - `compact_high` – compact form of `exp_high`
      - `compact_low` – compact form of `exp_low`
      - `diagram` – as a Ferrers diagram
      - `exp` – alias for `exp_low`
      - `exp_high` – in exponential form (highest first)
      - `exp_low` – in exponential form (lowest first)
      - `ferrers_diagram` – alias for `diagram`
      - `list` – displayed as a list
      - `young_diagram` – alias for `diagram`
    - `latex` – (default: `young_diagram`) Specifies how partitions should be latexed
      - `array` – alias for `diagram`
      - `diagram` – latex as a Ferrers diagram
      - `exp` – alias for `exp_low`
      - `exp_high` – latex as a list in exponential notation (highest first)
      - `exp_low` – as a list latex in exponential notation (lowest first)
      - `ferrers_diagram` – alias for `diagram`
      - `list` – latex as a list
      - `young_diagram` – latex as a Young diagram
    - `latex_diagram_str` – (default: `\ast`) The character used for the cells when latexing Ferrers diagrams
    - `notation` – alternative name for `convention`

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: P = Partition([4,2,2,1])
        sage: P
        [4, 2, 2, 1]
        sage: Partitions.global_options(display="exp")
        sage: P
        1, 2^2, 4
        sage: Partitions.global_options(display="exp_high")
        sage: P
        4, 2^2, 1

    It is also possible to use user defined functions for the `display` and `latex` options:

        sage: Partitions.global_options(display=lambda mu: '<%s>' % ','.join('%s'%m for m in mu._list)); P
        <4,2,2,1>
        sage: Partitions.global_options(latex=lambda mu: '\\Diagram{%s}' % ','.join('%s'%m for m in mu._list)); latex(P)
        \Diagram{4,2,2,1}
        sage: Partitions.global_options(display="diagram", diagram_str="#")
        sage: P
        ####
        ##
        ##
        #
        sage: Partitions.global_options(diagram_str="*", convention="french")
        sage: print P.ferrers_diagram()
        *
        **
        **
        ****

    Changing the `convention` for partitions also changes the `convention` option for tableaux and vice versa:

        sage: T = Tableau([[1,2,3],[4,5]])
        sage: T.pp()
          4  5
          1  2  3
        sage: Tableaux.global_options(convention="english")
        sage: print P.ferrers_diagram()
        ****
        **
        **
        *
        sage: T.pp()
          1  2  3
          4  5
        sage: Partitions.global_options.reset()

    See `GlobalOptions` for more features of these options.

class `sage.combinat.partition.``PartitionsGreatestLE`(n, k)

  Bases: `sage.structure.unique_representation.UniqueRepresentation`, `sage.combinat.integer_list.IntegerListsLex`

  The class of all (unordered) “restricted” partitions of the integer \(n\) having parts less than or equal to the integer \(k\).

  EXAMPLES:

      sage: PartitionsGreatestLE(10,2)
      Partitions of 10 having parts less than or equal to 2
      sage: PartitionsGreatestLE(10,2).list()
      [[2, 2, 2, 2, 2],
       [2, 2, 2, 2, 1, 1],
       [2, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1],
       [2, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1],
       [2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1],
       [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1]]

      sage: [4,3,2,1] in PartitionsGreatestLE(10,2)
      False
      sage: [2,2,2,2,2] in PartitionsGreatestLE(10,2)
      True
      sage: PartitionsGreatestLE(10,2).first().parent()
      Partitions...

  `Element`

    alias of `Partition`

  `global_options`(*get_value, **set_value)

    Sets and displays the global options for elements of the partition, skew partition, and partition tuple classes. If no parameters are set, then the function returns a copy of the options dictionary.

    The `options` to partitions can be accessed as the method `Partitions.global_options` of `Partitions` and related parent classes.

    OPTIONS:

    - `convention` – (default: `English`) Sets the convention used for displaying tableaux and partitions
      - `English` – use the English convention
      - `French` – use the French convention
    - `diagram_str` – (default: `*`) The character used for the cells when printing Ferrers diagrams
    - `display` – (default: `list`) Specifies how partitions should be printed
      - `array` – alias for `diagram`
      - `compact` – alias for `compact_low`
      - `compact_high` – compact form of `exp_high`
      - `compact_low` – compact form of `exp_low`
      - `diagram` – as a Ferrers diagram
      - `exp` – alias for `exp_low`
      - `exp_high` – in exponential form (highest first)
      - `exp_low` – in exponential form (lowest first)
      - `ferrers_diagram` – alias for `diagram`
      - `list` – displayed as a list
      - `young_diagram` – alias for `diagram`
    - `latex` – (default: `young_diagram`) Specifies how partitions should be latexed
      - `array` – alias for `diagram`
      - `diagram` – latex as a Ferrers diagram
      - `exp` – alias for `exp_low`
      - `exp_high` – latex as a list in exponential notation (highest first)
      - `exp_low` – as a list latex in exponential notation (lowest first)
      - `ferrers_diagram` – alias for `diagram`
      - `list` – latex as a list
      - `young_diagram` – latex as a Young diagram
    - `latex_diagram_str` – (default: `\ast`) The character used for the cells when latexing Ferrers diagrams
    - `notation` – alternative name for `convention`

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: P = Partition([4,2,2,1])
        sage: P
        [4, 2, 2, 1]
        sage: Partitions.global_options(display="exp")
        sage: P
        1, 2^2, 4
        sage: Partitions.global_options(display="exp_high")
        sage: P
        4, 2^2, 1

    It is also possible to use user defined functions for the `display` and `latex` options:

        sage: Partitions.global_options(display=lambda mu: '<%s>' % ','.join('%s'%m for m in mu._list)); P
        <4,2,2,1>
        sage: Partitions.global_options(latex=lambda mu: '\\Diagram{%s}' % ','.join('%s'%m for m in mu._list)); latex(P)
        \Diagram{4,2,2,1}
        sage: Partitions.global_options(display="diagram", diagram_str="#")
        sage: P
        ####
        ##
        ##
        #
        sage: Partitions.global_options(diagram_str="*", convention="french")
        sage: print P.ferrers_diagram()
        *
        **
        **
        ****

    Changing the `convention` for partitions also changes the `convention` option for tableaux and vice versa:

        sage: T = Tableau([[1,2,3],[4,5]])
        sage: T.pp()
          4  5
          1  2  3
        sage: Tableaux.global_options(convention="english")
        sage: print P.ferrers_diagram()
        ****
        **
        **
        *
        sage: T.pp()
          1  2  3
          4  5
        sage: Partitions.global_options.reset()

    See `GlobalOptions` for more features of these options.

class `sage.combinat.partition.``PartitionsInBox`(h, w)

  Bases: `sage.combinat.partition.Partitions`

  All partitions which fit in an \(h \times w\) box.

  EXAMPLES:

      sage: PartitionsInBox(2,2)
      Integer partitions which fit in a 2 x 2 box
      sage: PartitionsInBox(2,2).list()
      [[], [1], [1, 1], [2], [2, 1], [2, 2]]

  `list`()

    Return a list of all the partitions inside a box of height \(h\) and width \(w\).

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: PartitionsInBox(2,2).list()
        [[], [1], [1, 1], [2], [2, 1], [2, 2]]
        sage: PartitionsInBox(2,3).list()
        [[], [1], [1, 1], [2], [2, 1], [2, 2], [3], [3, 1], [3, 2], [3, 3]]

    TESTS:

    Check trac ticket #10890:

        sage: type(PartitionsInBox(0,0)[0])
        <class 'sage.combinat.partition.PartitionsInBox_with_category.element_class'>

class `sage.combinat.partition.``Partitions_all`

  Bases: `sage.combinat.partition.Partitions`

  Class of all partitions.

  TESTS:

      sage: TestSuite( sage.combinat.partition.Partitions_all() ).run()

  `subset`(size=None, **kwargs)

    Returns the subset of partitions of a given size and additional keyword arguments.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: P = Partitions()
        sage: P.subset(4)
        Partitions of the integer 4

class `sage.combinat.partition.``Partitions_all_bounded`(k)

  Bases: `sage.combinat.partition.Partitions`

  TESTS:

      sage: TestSuite( sage.combinat.partition.Partitions_all_bounded(3) ).run()

class `sage.combinat.partition.``Partitions_constraints`(n, length=None, min_length=0, max_length=inf, floor=None, ceiling=None, min_part=0, max_part=inf, min_slope=-inf, max_slope=inf, name=None, element_constructor=None, element_class=None, global_options=None)

  Bases: `sage.combinat.integer_list.IntegerListsLex`

  For unpickling old constrained `Partitions_constraints` objects created with sage <= 3.4.1. See `Partitions`.

class `sage.combinat.partition.``Partitions_ending`(n, ending_partition)

  Bases: `sage.combinat.partition.Partitions`

  All partitions with a given ending.

  `first`()

    Return the first partition in `self`.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: Partitions(4, ending=[1,1,1,1]).first()
        [4]

  `next`(part)

    Return the next partition after `part` in `self`.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: Partitions(4, ending=[1,1,1,1]).next(Partition([4]))
        [3, 1]
        sage: Partitions(4, ending=[1,1,1,1]).next(Partition([1,1,1,1])) is None
        True

class `sage.combinat.partition.``Partitions_n`(n)

  Bases: `sage.combinat.partition.Partitions`

  Partitions of the integer \(n\).

  TESTS:

      sage: TestSuite( sage.combinat.partition.Partitions_n(0) ).run()
      sage: TestSuite( sage.combinat.partition.Partitions_n(0) ).run()

  `cardinality`(algorithm='flint')

    Return the number of partitions of the specified size.

    INPUT:

    - `algorithm` - (default: `'flint'`)
      - `'flint'` – use FLINT (currently the fastest)
      - `'bober'` – Use Jonathan Bober’s implementation (very fast)
      - `'gap'` – use GAP (VERY slow)
      - `'pari'` – use PARI. Speed seems the same as GAP until \(n\) is in the thousands, in which case PARI is faster.

    It is possible to associate with every partition of the integer \(n\) a conjugacy class of permutations in the symmetric group on \(n\) points and vice versa. Therefore the number of partitions \(p_n\) is the number of conjugacy classes of the symmetric group on \(n\) points.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: v = Partitions(5).list(); v
        [[5], [4, 1], [3, 2], [3, 1, 1], [2, 2, 1], [2, 1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1, 1, 1]]
        sage: len(v)
        7
        sage: Partitions(5).cardinality(algorithm='gap')
        7
        sage: Partitions(5).cardinality(algorithm='pari')
        7
        sage: Partitions(5).cardinality(algorithm='bober')
        7
        sage: number_of_partitions(5, algorithm='flint')
        7

    The input must be a nonnegative integer or a `ValueError` is raised.

        sage: Partitions(10).cardinality()
        42
        sage: Partitions(3).cardinality()
        3
        sage: Partitions(10).cardinality()
        42
        sage: Partitions(3).cardinality(algorithm='pari')
        3
        sage: Partitions(10).cardinality(algorithm='pari')
        42
        sage: Partitions(40).cardinality()
        37338
        sage: Partitions(100).cardinality()
        190569292

    A generating function for \(p_n\) is given by the reciprocal of Euler’s function:

    \[\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} p_n x^n = \prod_{k=1}^{\infty} \frac{1}{1-x^k}.\]

    We use Sage to verify that the first several coefficients do indeed agree:

        sage: q = PowerSeriesRing(QQ, 'q', default_prec=9).gen()
        sage: prod([(1-q^k)^(-1) for k in range(1,9)])  ## partial product of
        1 + q + 2*q^2 + 3*q^3 + 5*q^4 + 7*q^5 + 11*q^6 + 15*q^7 + 22*q^8 + O(q^9)
        sage: [Partitions(k).cardinality() for k in range(2,10)]
        [2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 15, 22, 30]

    Another consistency test for `n` up to 500:

        sage: len([n for n in [1..500] if Partitions(n).cardinality() != Partitions(n).cardinality(algorithm='pari')])
        0

    REFERENCES:

    - Wikipedia article Partition_(number_theory)
  `first`()

    Returns the lexicographically first partition of a positive integer \(n\). This is the partition `[n]`.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: Partitions(4).first()
        [4]

  `last`()

    Return the lexicographically last partition of the positive integer \(n\). This is the all-ones partition.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: Partitions(4).last()
        [1, 1, 1, 1]

  `next`(p)

    Return the lexicographically next partition after the partition `p`.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: Partitions(4).next([4])
        [3, 1]
        sage: Partitions(4).next([1,1,1,1]) is None
        True

  `random_element`(measure='uniform')

    Return a random partitions of \(n\) for the specified measure.

    INPUT:

    - `measure` – `'uniform'` or `'Plancherel'` (default: `'uniform'`)

    See also

    - `random_element_uniform()`
    - `random_element_plancherel()`

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: Partitions(5).random_element() # random
        [2, 1, 1, 1]
        sage: Partitions(5).random_element(measure='Plancherel') # random
        [2, 1, 1, 1]

  `random_element_plancherel`()

    Return a random partition of \(n\) (for the Plancherel measure).

    This probability distribution comes from the uniform distribution on permutations via the Robinson-Schensted correspondence.

    See Wikipedia article Plancherel_measure and `Partition.plancherel_measure()`.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: Partitions(5).random_element_plancherel()   # random
        [2, 1, 1, 1]
        sage: Partitions(20).random_element_plancherel()  # random
        [9, 3, 3, 2, 2, 1]

    TESTS:

        sage: all(Part.random_element_plancherel() in Part
        ...       for Part in map(Partitions, range(10)))
        True

    ALGORITHM:

    - insert by Robinson-Schensted a uniform random permutations of n and returns the shape of the resulting tableau. The complexity is \(O(n\ln(n))\) which is likely optimal. However, the implementation could be optimized.

    AUTHOR:

    - Florent Hivert (2009-11-23)
  `random_element_uniform`()

    Return a random partition of \(n\) with uniform probability.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: Partitions(5).random_element_uniform()  # random
        [2, 1, 1, 1]
        sage: Partitions(20).random_element_uniform() # random
        [9, 3, 3, 2, 2, 1]

    TESTS:

        sage: all(Part.random_element_uniform() in Part
        ....:     for Part in map(Partitions, range(10)))
        True

    ALGORITHM:

    > - It is a python Implementation of RANDPAR, see [nw]. The complexity is unknown, there may be better algorithms.

    >   Todo

    >   Check in Knuth AOCP4.

    > - There is also certainly a lot of room for optimizations, see comments in the code.

    REFERENCES:

    [nw] | Nijenhuis, Wilf, Combinatorial Algorithms, Academic Press (1978).

    AUTHOR:

    - Florent Hivert (2009-11-23)
  `subset`(**kwargs)

    Return a subset of `self` with the additional optional arguments.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: P = Partitions(5); P
        Partitions of the integer 5
        sage: P.subset(starting=[3,1])
        Partitions of the integer 5 starting with [3, 1]

class `sage.combinat.partition.``Partitions_nk`(n, k)

  Bases: `sage.combinat.partition.Partitions`

  Partitions of the integer \(n\) of length equal to \(k\).

  TESTS:

      sage: TestSuite( sage.combinat.partition.Partitions_nk(0,0) ).run()
      sage: TestSuite( sage.combinat.partition.Partitions_nk(0,0) ).run()

  `cardinality`(algorithm='hybrid')

    Return the number of partitions of the specified size with the specified length.

    INPUT:

    - `algorithm` – (default: `'hybrid'`) the algorithm to compute the cardinality and can be one of the following:
      - `'hybrid'` - use a hybrid algorithm which uses heuristics to reduce the complexity
      - `'gap'` - use GAP

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: v = Partitions(5, length=2).list(); v
        [[4, 1], [3, 2]]
        sage: len(v)
        2
        sage: Partitions(5, length=2).cardinality()
        2

    More generally, the number of partitions of \(n\) of length \(2\) is \(\left\lfloor \frac{n}{2} \right\rfloor\):

        sage: all( Partitions(n, length=2).cardinality()
        ....:      == n // 2 for n in range(10) )
        True

    The number of partitions of \(n\) of length \(1\) is \(1\) for \(n\) positive:

        sage: all( Partitions(n, length=1).cardinality() == 1
        ....:      for n in range(1, 10) )
        True

    Further examples:

        sage: Partitions(5, length=3).cardinality()
        2
        sage: Partitions(6, length=3).cardinality()
        3
        sage: Partitions(8, length=4).cardinality()
        5
        sage: Partitions(8, length=5).cardinality()
        3
        sage: Partitions(15, length=6).cardinality()
        26
        sage: Partitions(0, length=0).cardinality()
        1
        sage: Partitions(0, length=1).cardinality()
        0
        sage: Partitions(1, length=0).cardinality()
        0
        sage: Partitions(1, length=4).cardinality()
        0

    TESTS:

    We check the hybrid approach gives the same results as GAP:

        sage: N = [0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 20, 500, 850]
        sage: K = [0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 11, 20, 21, 250, 499, 500]
        sage: all(Partitions(n,length=k).cardinality() == Partitions(n,length=k).cardinality('gap')
        ....:     for n in N for k in K)
        True
        sage: P = Partitions(4562, length=2800)
        sage: P.cardinality() == P.cardinality('gap')
        True

  `subset`(**kwargs)

    Return a subset of `self` with the additional optional arguments.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: P = Partitions(5, length=2); P
        Partitions of the integer 5 of length 2
        sage: P.subset(max_part=3)
        Partitions of the integer 5 satisfying constraints length=2, max_part=3

class `sage.combinat.partition.``Partitions_parts_in`(n, parts)

  Bases: `sage.combinat.partition.Partitions`

  Partitions of \(n\) with parts in a given set \(S\).

  This is invoked indirectly when calling `Partitions(n, parts_in=parts)`, where `parts` is a list of pairwise distinct integers.

  TESTS:

      sage: TestSuite( sage.combinat.partition.Partitions_parts_in(6, parts=[2,1]) ).run()

  `cardinality`()

    Return the number of partitions with parts in `self`. Wraps GAP’s `NrRestrictedPartitions`.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: Partitions(15, parts_in=[2,3,7]).cardinality()
        5

    If you can use all parts 1 through \(n\), we’d better get \(p(n)\):

        sage: Partitions(20, parts_in=[1..20]).cardinality() == Partitions(20).cardinality()
        True

    TESTS:

    Let’s check the consistency of GAP’s function and our own algorithm that actually generates the partitions:

        sage: ps = Partitions(15, parts_in=[1,2,3])
        sage: ps.cardinality() == len(ps.list())
        True
        sage: ps = Partitions(15, parts_in=[])
        sage: ps.cardinality() == len(ps.list())
        True
        sage: ps = Partitions(3000, parts_in=[50,100,500,1000])
        sage: ps.cardinality() == len(ps.list())
        True
        sage: ps = Partitions(10, parts_in=[3,6,9])
        sage: ps.cardinality() == len(ps.list())
        True
        sage: ps = Partitions(0, parts_in=[1,2])
        sage: ps.cardinality() == len(ps.list())
        True

  `first`()

    Return the lexicographically first partition of a positive integer \(n\) with the specified parts, or `None` if no such partition exists.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: Partitions(9, parts_in=[3,4]).first()
        [3, 3, 3]
        sage: Partitions(6, parts_in=[1..6]).first()
        [6]
        sage: Partitions(30, parts_in=[4,7,8,10,11]).first()
        [11, 11, 8]

  `last`()

    Return the lexicographically last partition of the positive integer \(n\) with the specified parts, or `None` if no such partition exists.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: Partitions(15, parts_in=[2,3]).last()
        [3, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2]
        sage: Partitions(30, parts_in=[4,7,8,10,11]).last()
        [7, 7, 4, 4, 4, 4]
        sage: Partitions(10, parts_in=[3,6]).last() is None
        True
        sage: Partitions(50, parts_in=[11,12,13]).last()
        [13, 13, 12, 12]
        sage: Partitions(30, parts_in=[4,7,8,10,11]).last()
        [7, 7, 4, 4, 4, 4]

    TESTS:

        sage: Partitions(6, parts_in=[1..6]).last()
        [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1]
        sage: Partitions(0, parts_in=[]).last()
        []
        sage: Partitions(50, parts_in=[11,12]).last() is None
        True

class `sage.combinat.partition.``Partitions_starting`(n, starting_partition)

  Bases: `sage.combinat.partition.Partitions`

  All partitions with a given start.

  `first`()

    Return the first partition in `self`.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: Partitions(3, starting=[2,1]).first()
        [2, 1]

  `next`(part)

    Return the next partition after `part` in `self`.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: Partitions(3, starting=[2,1]).next(Partition([2,1]))
        [1, 1, 1]

`sage.combinat.partition.``RestrictedPartitions`(n, S, k=None)

  This function has been deprecated and will be removed in a future version of Sage; use `Partitions` with the `parts_in` keyword. Note, however, that the current implementation of `Partitions` does not allow the `parts_in` keyword to be combined with keywords such as `max_length`; see trac ticket #13072 and trac ticket #12278 for more details. This class should not be removed until this problem has been fixed.

  Original docstring follows.

  A restricted partition is, like an ordinary partition, an unordered sum \(n = p_1+p_2+\ldots+p_k\) of positive integers and is represented by the list \(p = [p_1,p_2,\ldots,p_k]\), in nonincreasing order. The difference is that here the \(p_i\) must be elements from the set \(S\), while for ordinary partitions they may be elements from \([1..n]\).

  Returns the list of all restricted partitions of the positive integer n into sums with \(k\) summands with the summands of the partition coming from the set \(S\). If \(k\) is not given all restricted partitions for all \(k\) are returned.

  Wraps GAP’s `RestrictedPartitions`.

  EXAMPLES:

      sage: RestrictedPartitions(5,[3,2,1])
      doctest:...: DeprecationWarning: RestrictedPartitions is deprecated; use Partitions with the parts_in keyword instead.
      See http://trac.sagemath.org/13072 for details.
      doctest:...: DeprecationWarning: RestrictedPartitions_nsk is deprecated; use Partitions with the parts_in keyword instead.
      See http://trac.sagemath.org/13072 for details.
      Partitions of 5 restricted to the values [1, 2, 3]
      sage: RestrictedPartitions(5,[3,2,1]).list()
      [[3, 2], [3, 1, 1], [2, 2, 1], [2, 1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1, 1, 1]]
      sage: RestrictedPartitions(5,[3,2,1],4)
      Partitions of 5 restricted to the values [1, 2, 3] of length 4
      sage: RestrictedPartitions(5,[3,2,1],4).list()
      [[2, 1, 1, 1]]

class `sage.combinat.partition.``RestrictedPartitions_nsk`(n, S, k=None)

  Bases: `sage.combinat.combinat.CombinatorialClass`

  We are deprecating `RestrictedPartitions()`, so this class should be deprecated too. See trac ticket #13072.

  `Element`

    alias of `Partition`

  `cardinality`()

    Returns the size of `self`.

    Wraps GAP’s NrRestrictedPartitions.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: RestrictedPartitions(8,[1,3,5,7]).cardinality()
        doctest:...: DeprecationWarning: RestrictedPartitions is deprecated; use Partitions with the parts_in keyword instead.
        See http://trac.sagemath.org/13072 for details.
        6
        sage: RestrictedPartitions(8,[1,3,5,7],2).cardinality()
        2

  `global_options`(*get_value, **set_value)

    Sets and displays the global options for elements of the partition, skew partition, and partition tuple classes. If no parameters are set, then the function returns a copy of the options dictionary.

    The `options` to partitions can be accessed as the method `Partitions.global_options` of `Partitions` and related parent classes.

    OPTIONS:

    - `convention` – (default: `English`) Sets the convention used for displaying tableaux and partitions
      - `English` – use the English convention
      - `French` – use the French convention
    - `diagram_str` – (default: `*`) The character used for the cells when printing Ferrers diagrams
    - `display` – (default: `list`) Specifies how partitions should be printed
      - `array` – alias for `diagram`
      - `compact` – alias for `compact_low`
      - `compact_high` – compact form of `exp_high`
      - `compact_low` – compact form of `exp_low`
      - `diagram` – as a Ferrers diagram
      - `exp` – alias for `exp_low`
      - `exp_high` – in exponential form (highest first)
      - `exp_low` – in exponential form (lowest first)
      - `ferrers_diagram` – alias for `diagram`
      - `list` – displayed as a list
      - `young_diagram` – alias for `diagram`
    - `latex` – (default: `young_diagram`) Specifies how partitions should be latexed
      - `array` – alias for `diagram`
      - `diagram` – latex as a Ferrers diagram
      - `exp` – alias for `exp_low`
      - `exp_high` – latex as a list in exponential notation (highest first)
      - `exp_low` – as a list latex in exponential notation (lowest first)
      - `ferrers_diagram` – alias for `diagram`
      - `list` – latex as a list
      - `young_diagram` – latex as a Young diagram
    - `latex_diagram_str` – (default: `\ast`) The character used for the cells when latexing Ferrers diagrams
    - `notation` – alternative name for `convention`

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: P = Partition([4,2,2,1])
        sage: P
        [4, 2, 2, 1]
        sage: Partitions.global_options(display="exp")
        sage: P
        1, 2^2, 4
        sage: Partitions.global_options(display="exp_high")
        sage: P
        4, 2^2, 1

    It is also possible to use user defined functions for the `display` and `latex` options:

        sage: Partitions.global_options(display=lambda mu: '<%s>' % ','.join('%s'%m for m in mu._list)); P
        <4,2,2,1>
        sage: Partitions.global_options(latex=lambda mu: '\\Diagram{%s}' % ','.join('%s'%m for m in mu._list)); latex(P)
        \Diagram{4,2,2,1}
        sage: Partitions.global_options(display="diagram", diagram_str="#")
        sage: P
        ####
        ##
        ##
        #
        sage: Partitions.global_options(diagram_str="*", convention="french")
        sage: print P.ferrers_diagram()
        *
        **
        **
        ****

    Changing the `convention` for partitions also changes the `convention` option for tableaux and vice versa:

        sage: T = Tableau([[1,2,3],[4,5]])
        sage: T.pp()
          4  5
          1  2  3
        sage: Tableaux.global_options(convention="english")
        sage: print P.ferrers_diagram()
        ****
        **
        **
        *
        sage: T.pp()
          1  2  3
          4  5
        sage: Partitions.global_options.reset()

    See `GlobalOptions` for more features of these options.

  `list`()

    Returns the list of all restricted partitions of the positive integer \(n\) into sums with \(k\) summands with the summands of the partition coming from the set \(S\). If \(k\) is not given all restricted partitions for all \(k\) are returned.

    Wraps GAP’s RestrictedPartitions.

    EXAMPLES:

        sage: RestrictedPartitions(8,[1,3,5,7]).list()
        doctest:...: DeprecationWarning: RestrictedPartitions is deprecated; use Partitions with the parts_in keyword instead.
        See http://trac.sagemath.org/13072 for details.
        [[7, 1], [5, 3], [5, 1, 1, 1], [3, 3, 1, 1], [3, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1]]
        sage: RestrictedPartitions(8,[1,3,5,7],2).list()
        [[7, 1], [5, 3]]

`sage.combinat.partition.``number_of_partitions`(n, algorithm='default')

  Returns the number of partitions of \(n\) with, optionally, at most \(k\) parts.

  The options of `number_of_partitions()` are being deprecated trac ticket #13072 in favour of `Partitions_n.cardinality()` so that `number_of_partitions()` can become a stripped down version of the fastest algorithm available (currently this is using FLINT).

  INPUT:

  - `n` – an integer
  - `algorithm` – (default: ‘default’) [Will be deprecated except in Partition().cardinality() ]
    - `'default'` – If `k` is not `None`, then use Gap (very slow). If `k` is `None`, use FLINT.
    - `'flint'` – use FLINT
    - `'bober'` – use Jonathan Bober’s implementation

  EXAMPLES:

       sage: v = Partitions(5).list(); v
       [[5], [4, 1], [3, 2], [3, 1, 1], [2, 2, 1], [2, 1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1, 1, 1]]
       sage: len(v)
       7
      sage: number_of_partitions(5, algorithm='bober')
       7

  The input must be a nonnegative integer or a `ValueError` is raised.

      sage: number_of_partitions(-5)
      Traceback (most recent call last):
      ...
      ValueError: n (=-5) must be a nonnegative integer

      sage: number_of_partitions(10)
      42
      sage: number_of_partitions(3)
      3
      sage: number_of_partitions(10)
      42
      sage: number_of_partitions(40)
      37338
      sage: number_of_partitions(100)
      190569292
      sage: number_of_partitions(100000)
      27493510569775696512677516320986352688173429315980054758203125984302147328114964173055050741660736621590157844774296248940493063070200461792764493033510116079342457190155718943509725312466108452006369558934464248716828789832182345009262853831404597021307130674510624419227311238999702284408609370935531629697851569569892196108480158600569421098519

  A generating function for the number of partitions \(p_n\) is given by the reciprocal of Euler’s function:

  \[\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} p_n x^n = \prod_{k=1}^{\infty} \left( \frac{1}{1-x^k} \right).\]

  We use Sage to verify that the first several coefficients do instead agree:

      sage: q = PowerSeriesRing(QQ, 'q', default_prec=9).gen()
      sage: prod([(1-q^k)^(-1) for k in range(1,9)])  ## partial product of
      1 + q + 2*q^2 + 3*q^3 + 5*q^4 + 7*q^5 + 11*q^6 + 15*q^7 + 22*q^8 + O(q^9)
      sage: [number_of_partitions(k) for k in range(2,10)]
      [2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 15, 22, 30]

  REFERENCES:

  - Wikipedia article Partition_(number_theory)

  TESTS:

      sage: n = 500 + randint(0,500)
      sage: number_of_partitions( n - (n % 385) + 369) % 385 == 0
      True
      sage: n = 1500 + randint(0,1500)
      sage: number_of_partitions( n - (n % 385) + 369) % 385 == 0
      True
      sage: n = 1000000 + randint(0,1000000)
      sage: number_of_partitions( n - (n % 385) + 369) % 385 == 0
      True
      sage: n = 1000000 + randint(0,1000000)
      sage: number_of_partitions( n - (n % 385) + 369) % 385 == 0
      True
      sage: n = 1000000 + randint(0,1000000)
      sage: number_of_partitions( n - (n % 385) + 369) % 385 == 0
      True
      sage: n = 1000000 + randint(0,1000000)
      sage: number_of_partitions( n - (n % 385) + 369) % 385 == 0
      True
      sage: n = 1000000 + randint(0,1000000)
      sage: number_of_partitions( n - (n % 385) + 369) % 385 == 0
      True
      sage: n = 1000000 + randint(0,1000000)
      sage: number_of_partitions( n - (n % 385) + 369) % 385 == 0
      True
      sage: n = 100000000 + randint(0,100000000)
      sage: number_of_partitions( n - (n % 385) + 369) % 385 == 0  # long time (4s on sage.math, 2011)
      True

`sage.combinat.partition.``number_of_partitions_length`(n, k, algorithm='hybrid')

  Return the number of partitions of \(n\) with length \(k\).

  This is a wrapper for GAP’s `NrPartitions` function.

  EXAMPLES:

      sage: from sage.combinat.partition import number_of_partitions_length
      sage: number_of_partitions_length(5, 2)
      2
      sage: number_of_partitions_length(10, 2)
      5
      sage: number_of_partitions_length(10, 4)
      9
      sage: number_of_partitions_length(10, 0)
      0
      sage: number_of_partitions_length(10, 1)
      1
      sage: number_of_partitions_length(0, 0)
      1
      sage: number_of_partitions_length(0, 1)
      0

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