# Creating Arch Linux disk image

This page describes how to create a file that contains a disk image of Arch Linux. This disk image can be run in a virtual machine using software such as QEMU, VirtualBox, or VMware, and it can be customized however you want.

## Archiso

The official installation media for Arch Linux is a hybrid ISO/disk image, so it can already be booted either as a CD-ROM or as a disk. However, it uses an ISO filesystem, so nothing on it can be changed without re-making the installation media.

You can also create your own live Arch Linux systems using the Archiso tools. This may be what you want, but Archiso is only designed for building live systems that boot from a read-only filesystem.

## Install Arch Linux in a disk image using the installation media

Using QEMU, VirtualBox, or other virtualization software, you can install Arch Linux into a disk image by booting the virtual machine from the installation media with the disk image file attached as a virtual hard disk. This is the preferred way to make a virtual disk image containing Arch Linux because other than starting up the virtual machine, the installation will proceed exactly as in the Installation guide.

## Install Arch Linux in a disk image without the installation media

It is also possible to create a disk image of Arch Linux directly from software and packages on a host Arch Linux system. This has several advantages:

- You do not need to have a copy of the installation media.
- You can include the most up-to-date software packages in the disk image by installing them directly from the host's package manager, and you can do this before you have even booted up the guest for the first time.
- You can customize the disk image in ways that may not be supported by the official Arch Linux installer.

However, this method is more difficult than using the installation media. In addition, it will not work if your host machine does not have pacman (i.e. is not running Arch Linux).

Warning: As of 2014.02.11, using the above cited method leave you with a broken filesystem with missing libraries. Safest way is to boot from Arch-iso

In these directions, the host system refers to the Arch Linux system you are currently running, while the guest system refers to the Arch Linux system you are creating as a disk image.

### Make a file containing the disk image

- Create a raw disk image for the virtual machine. In this example, it is made with a size of 1 GiB.

On filesystems supporting the `fallocate()` system call:

    $ fallocate -l 1G archlinux.raw

Otherwise, use:

    $ dd of=archlinux.raw bs=1 seek=1G count=0

- If you have installed QEMU, you may instead use `qemu-img create` to create the raw disk image. `qemu-img` can also create a disk image in a non-raw format such as qcow2, provided that you export the image using `qemu-nbd` to set up a device that appears to contain the actual data of the disk image.

### Create filesystem(s) on the virtual disk

#### Use entire disk as one filesystem

If you do not need multiple partitions in your Arch Linux guest, it's easiest to leave the virtual disk unpartitioned and use the whole thing as a filesystem.

- To make an ext4 filesystem:

    $ mkfs.ext4 -F archlinux.raw

#### Partitioned disk

Or you can partition the disk. In this simple example, it will be given only one partition, and it will be a bootable primary partition formatted as an ext4 filesystem containing the guest's entire filesystem. There will be no swap partition.

- Partition the disk.

    $ fdisk archlinux.raw <<< '
    $ > o
    $ > n
    $ > p
    $ > 1
    $ >
    $ >
    $ > a
    $ > 1
    $ > w'

- Make the partitions available as loopback devices. The rest of the instructions will assume that the loopback device created for `archlinux.raw` is `/dev/loop0`, but it will be a higher number if you already have set up loop devices.

    # losetup -f --show archlinux.raw
    # kpartx -a /dev/loop0

Note: `kpartx` is part of the multipath-tools-git package from the AUR. See QEMU#Mounting_a_partition_inside_a_raw_disk_image for other ways to mount a partition inside a disk image. But beware: GRUB2 will not install correctly to the disk image unless the partition loopback device is created through the device mapper (using `kpartx`).

- Make the needed filesystems on the partitions.

    # mkfs.ext4 /dev/mapper/loop0p1

### Install packages on the guest's filesystem

- Mount the guest's root filesystem on a temporary directory.

    # TMPDIR=/full/path/to/temporary/directory

For a partitioned disk:

    # mount /dev/mapper/loop0p1 $TMPDIR

or, for an unpartitioned disk:

    # mount archlinux.raw $TMPDIR

Install arch-install-scripts and then install the packages you want on the system (like the base group):

    # pacstrap $TMPDIR base

Note: the above command may leaves you with errors about missing libraries. See above warning

### Write a fstab file for the guest

- Add any mountpoints to the guest's fstab file. In this example, we just need a mountpoint for the guest's root filesystem. You do not have to specify it by UUID, but it is a good idea to do so because it guarantees that the root partition will be found regardless of what type of disk is emulated.

    # UUID=$(blkid -s UUID -o value /dev/mapper/loop0p1)
    # echo "UUID=$UUID   /   ext4   defaults   0   1" >> $TMPDIR/etc/fstab

### Generate initramfs for the guest

As noted earlier, initramfs generation failed when installing linux.

- You may need to edit `$TMPDIR/etc/mkinitcpio.conf` to remove the `autodetect` hook, to stop your host system's hardware configuration from removing essential modules (e.g. those needed to access the root filesystem) from the initramfs of the guest, which is going to be running in a different environment in a virtual machine. In addition, it would be a good idea to have the MODULES line read

    MODULES="virtio_blk virtio_pci"

so that it will be possible to boot your Arch Linux guest using a paravirtualized block device.

- Generate the initramfs for the guest manually by running the following command:

    # mkinitcpio -g $TMPDIR/boot/initramfs-linux.img -k $TMPDIR/boot/vmlinuz-linux -c $TMPDIR/etc/mkinitcpio.conf

### Install bootloader on the guest

For your bootloader, you can choose Extlinux, GRUB2, or another bootloader. Due to the possible problems installing GRUB2 in this setting, I suggest using Extlinux.

#### Extlinux

- Install Extlinux on the guest's bootable partition.

    # extlinux --install $TMPDIR/boot

- Install Syslinux's MBR in the guest's MBR (only for partitioned disks).

    # dd if=/usr/lib/syslinux/mbr.bin conv=notrunc bs=440 count=1 of=/dev/loop0

- Create a configuration file for Extlinux. Replace $UUID with the UUID of the guest's root filesystem, which was set to the variable $UUID above.

    $TMPDIR/boot/extlinux.conf

    DEFAULT archlinux
    LABEL   archlinux
    SAY     Booting Arch Linux
    LINUX   /boot/vmlinuz-linux
    APPEND  root=/dev/disk/by-uuid/$UUID ro
    INITRD  /boot/initramfs-linux.img

Note: In order for Extlinux to be booted from the MBR on a partitioned disk, it must be installed on a partition marked as bootable.

#### GRUB2

In this example, we will install the GRUB2 bootloader on the partitioned disk of the guest.

Note: You may run into some problems when trying to install GRUB2 on a virtual disk. It seems to only work on partition loopback devices created through the device mapper, not those created using the `loop` module or setting up a loop device with an offset. In addition, GRUB2 may fail to detect your ext4 filesystem for some reason. I would suggest first trying Extlinux, unless you need to use GRUB.

- Install GRUB2. `--boot-directory` must be set to the `/boot` directory within the guest's root filesystem, while the given device must be the loopback device corresponding to the guest's entire disk image. Be careful not to overwrite the bootloader of your host system!

    # grub-install --boot-directory=$TMPDIR/boot /dev/loop0

- Write a `grub.cfg` file. Replace $UUID, in both places, with the UUID of the guest's root filesystem, which was set to the variable $UUID above.

    $TMPDIR/boot/grub/grub.cfg

    set default="0"
    set timeout="3"
    insmod msdospart
    insmod ext2
    set root='(/dev/sda, msdos1)'
    search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root $UUID
    menuentry "Arch Linux" {
       linux /boot/vmlinuz-linux root=/dev/disk/by-uuid/$UUID ro
       initrd /boot/initramfs-linux.img
    }

### Cleanup

You should not boot the guest while its filesystem is still mounted; otherwise, the files on it may be corrupted. Unmount the guest's filesystem and get rid of the loopback devices first.

    # umount $TMPDIR
    # kpartx -d /dev/loop0
    # losetup -d /dev/loop0

### Boot the guest

Finally, boot the guest Arch Linux using your virtualization software of choice, such as QEMU:

    # qemu archlinux.raw

Tip: If you have built the virtio block drivers into your guest's initramfs, then you can boot it using a paravirtualized block device. Combine it with KVM and a minimal Arch Linux guest will boot to a login prompt in as little as 3 seconds after starting QEMU.

    # qemu-system-x86_64 -enable-kvm -drive file=archlinux.raw,media=disk,if=virtio

### Other tips

- If you use QEMU, you can specify the guest's kernel and initramfs on the command line. If you do this, you don't need to install a bootloader on the disk image, nor do you need to install the linux package.

- Since you have full control over the guest's hardware, it is not too hard compile a custom kernel for the guest that has all the needed modules built in, if you are familiar with configuring the Linux kernel.

- You can make copies of your disk image and run multiple Arch Linux virtual machines at the same time.

- See Install from Existing Linux for some more general tips about installing Arch Linux from an existing Linux installation that doesn't necessarily have to be Arch Linux.

Categories:

- Virtualization
- Getting and installing Arch