# Python

Related articles

- Python Package Guidelines
- mod_python
- Python VirtualEnv

Python "is a remarkably powerful dynamic programming language that is used in a wide variety of application domains. Python is often compared to Tcl, Perl, Ruby, Scheme or Java."

## Installation

There are currently two versions of Python: Python 3 (which is the default) and the older Python 2.

### Python 3

Python 3 is the latest version of the language, and is incompatible with Python 2. The language is mostly the same, but many details, especially how built-in objects like dictionaries and strings work, have changed considerably, and a lot of deprecated features have finally been removed. Also, the standard library has been reorganized in a few prominent places. For an overview of the differences, visit Python2orPython3 and their relevant chapter in Dive into Python 3.

To install the latest version of Python 3, install the python package from the official repositories.

If you would like to build the latest RC/betas from source, visit Python Downloads. The Arch User Repository also contains good PKGBUILDs. If you do decide to build the RC, note that the binary (by default) installs to `/usr/local/bin/python3.x`.

### Python 2

To install the latest version of Python 2, install the python2 package from the official repositories.

Python 2 will happily run alongside Python 3. You need to specify python2 in order to run this version.

Any program requiring Python 2 needs to point to `/usr/bin/python2`, instead of `/usr/bin/python`, which points to Python 3.

To do so, open the program or script in a text editor and change the first line.

The line will show one of the following:

    #!/usr/bin/env python

or

    #!/usr/bin/python

In both cases, just change `python` to `python2` and the program will then use Python 2 instead of Python 3.

Another way to force the use of python2 without altering the scripts is to call it explicitely with python2, i.e.

    python2 myScript.py

Finally, you may not be able to control the script calls, but there is a way to trick the environment. It only works if the scripts use `#!/usr/bin/env python`, it won't work with `#!/usr/bin/python`. This trick relies on `env` searching for the first corresponding entry in the PATH variable. First create a dummy folder.

    $ mkdir ~/bin

Then add a symlink 'python' to python2 and the config scripts in it.

    $ ln -s /usr/bin/python2 ~/bin/python
    $ ln -s /usr/bin/python2-config ~/bin/python-config

Finally put the new folder at the beginning of your PATH variable.

    $ export PATH=~/bin:$PATH

Note that this change is not permanent and is only active in the current terminal session. To check which python interpreter is being used by `env`, use the following command:

    $ which python

A similar approach in tricking the environment, which also relies on `#!/usr/bin/env python` to be called by the script in question, is to use a Virtualenv. When a Virtualenv is activated, the Python executable pointed to by `$PATH` will be the one the Virtualenv was installed with. Therefore, if the Virtualenv is installed with Python 2, `python` will refer to Python 2. To start, install python2-virtualenv.

Then create the Virtualenv.

    $ virtualenv2 venv # Creates a directory, venv/, containing the Virtualenv

Activate the Virtualenv, which will update `$PATH` to point at Python 2. Note that this activation is only active for the current terminal session.

    $ source venv/bin/activate

The desired script should then run using Python 2.

## Dealing with version problem in build scripts

Many projects' build scripts assume `python` to be Python 2, and that would eventually result in an error - typically complaining that `print 'foo'` is invalid syntax. Luckily, many of them call `python` in the `$PATH` instead of hardcoding `#!/usr/bin/python` in the shebang line, and the Python scripts are all contained within the project tree. So, instead of modifying the build scripts manually, there is an easy workaround. Just create `/usr/local/bin/python` with content like this:

    /usr/local/bin/python

    #!/bin/bash
    script=$(readlink -f -- "$1")
    case "$script" in (/path/to/project1/*|/path/to/project2/*|/path/to/project3*)
        exec python2 "$@"
        ;;
    esac

    exec python3 "$@"

Where `/path/to/project1/*|/path/to/project2/*|/path/to/project3*` is a list of patterns separated by `|` matching all project trees.

Don't forget to make it executable:

    # chmod +x /usr/local/bin/python

Afterwards scripts within the specified project trees will be run with Python 2.

## Integrated development environments

There are some Python specific IDEs available in the official repositories.

### Eclipse

Eclipse supports both Python 2.x and 3.x series by using the PyDev extension.

### Eric

For the latest Python 3 compatible version, install the eric package.

Version 4 of Eric is Python 2 compatible and can be installed with the eric4 package.

These IDEs can also handle Ruby.

### IEP

IEP is an interactive (e.g. MATLAB) python IDE with basic debugging capabilities and is especially suitable for scientific computing. It is provided by the package iep.

### Ninja

The Ninja IDE is provided by the package ninja-ide.

### Spyder

Spyder (previously known as Pydee) is a powerful interactive development environment for the Python language with advanced editing, interactive testing, debugging and introspection features. It focuses on scientific computations, providing a matlab-like environment. It can be installed with the package spyder

### PyCharm

PyCharm 3. The intelligent Python IDE with unique code assistance and analysis, for productive Python development on all levels. The community edition is available for free. pycharm-community

## Getting easy_install

The easy_install tool is available in the package python-setuptools.

## Getting completion in Python shell

Copy this into Python's interactive shell

    /usr/bin/python

    import rlcompleter
    import readline
    readline.parse_and_bind("tab: complete")

Source

## Widget bindings

The following widget toolkit bindings are available:

- TkInter — Tk bindings

  http://wiki.python.org/moin/TkInter || standard module

- pyQt — Qt bindings

  http://www.riverbankcomputing.co.uk/software/pyqt/intro || python2-pyqt4 python2-pyqt5 python-pyqt4 python-pyqt5

- pySide — Qt bindings

  http://www.pyside.org/ || python2-pyside python-pyside

- pyGTK — GTK+ 2 bindings

  http://www.pygtk.org/ || pygtk

- PyGObject — GTK+ 2/3 bindings via GObject Introspection

  https://wiki.gnome.org/PyGObject/ || python2-gobject2 python2-gobject python-gobject2 python-gobject

- wxPython — wxWidgets bindings

  http://wxpython.org/ || wxpython

To use these with Python, you may need to install the associated widget kits.

## Old versions

Old versions of Python are available via the AUR and may be useful for historical curiosity, old applications that don't run on current versions, or for testing Python programs intended to run on a distribution that comes with an older version (eg, RHEL 5.x has Python 2.4, or Ubuntu 12.04 has Python 3.1):

- python15: Python 1.5.2
- python16: Python 1.6.1
- python24: Python 2.4.6
- python25: Python 2.5.6
- python26: Python 2.6.8
- python30: Python 3.0.1
- python31: Python 3.1.5
- python32: Python 3.2.3

As of February 2014, Python upstream only supports Python 2.7, 3.1, 3.2, and 3.3 for security fixes. Using older versions for Internet-facing applications or untrusted code may be dangerous and is not recommended.

Extra modules/libraries for old versions of Python may be found on the AUR by searching for python(version without decimal), eg searching for "python26" for 2.6 modules.

## Tips and tricks

IPython is a enhanced Python command line available in the official repositories as ipython and ipython2.

## See also

- Learning Python is one of the most comprehensive, up to date, and well-written books on Python available today.
- Dive Into Python is an excellent (free) resource, but perhaps for more advanced readers and has been updated for Python 3.
- A Byte of Python is a book suitable for users new to Python (and scripting in general).
- Learn Python The Hard Way the best intro to programming.
- facts.learnpython.org nice site to learn python.
- Crash into Python Also known as Python for Programmers with 3 Hours, this guide gives experienced developers from other languages a crash course on Python.
- Beginning Game Development with Python and Pygame: From Novice to Professional for games

## For Fun

Try the following snippets from Python's interactive shell:

    >>> import this

    >>> from __future__ import braces

    >>> import antigravity

Category:

- Programming language