# Kernel parameters

There are three ways to pass options to the kernel and thus control its behaviour:

1. When building the kernel. See Kernel Compilation for details.
2. When starting the kernel (usually, when invoked from a boot loader).
3. At runtime (through the files in `/proc` and `/sys`). See sysctl for details.

This page now explains in more detail the second method and shows a list of most used kernel parameters in Arch Linux.

## Configuration

Kernel parameters can be set either temporarily by editing the boot menu when it shows up, or by modifying the boot loader's configuration file.

Here we are adding the parameters `quiet` and `splash` to Syslinux, GRUB, GRUB Legacy, LILO, Gummiboot and rEFInd.

#### Syslinux

- Press `Tab` when the menu shows up and add them at the end of the string:

      linux /boot/vmlinuz-linux root=/dev/sda3 initrd=/boot/initramfs-linux.img quiet splash

  Press `Enter` to boot with these parameters.

- To make the change persistent after reboot, edit `/boot/syslinux/syslinux.cfg` and add them to the `APPEND` line:

      APPEND root=/dev/sda3 quiet splash

For more information on configuring Syslinux, see the Syslinux article.

#### GRUB

- Press `e` when the menu shows up and add them on the `linux` line:

      linux /boot/vmlinuz-linux root=UUID=978e3e81-8048-4ae1-8a06-aa727458e8ff quiet splash

  Press `b` to boot with these parameters.

- To make the change persistent after reboot, while you could manually edit `/boot/grub/grub.cfg` with the exact line from above, for beginners it's recommended to:

  Edit `/etc/default/grub` and append your kernel options to the `GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT` line:

        GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="quiet splash"

  And then automatically re-generate the `grub.cfg` file with:

        # grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg

For more information on configuring GRUB, see the GRUB article.

#### GRUB Legacy

- Press `e` when the menu shows up and add them on the `kernel` line:

      kernel /boot/vmlinuz-linux root=/dev/sda3 quiet splash

  Press `b` to boot with these parameters.

- To make the change persistent after reboot, edit `/boot/grub/menu.lst` and add them to the `kernel` line, exactly like above.

For more information on configuring GRUB Legacy, see the GRUB Legacy article.

#### LILO

- Add them to `/etc/lilo.conf`:

      image=/boot/vmlinuz-linux
              ...
              quiet splash

For more information on configuring LILO, see the LILO article.

#### Gummiboot

- Press `e` when the menu appears and add the parameters to the end of the string:

      initrd=\initramfs-linux.img root=/dev/sda2 rw quiet splash

  Press `Enter` to boot with these parameters.

Note: If you have not set a value for menu timeout, you will need to hold `Space` while booting for the Gummiboot menu to appear.

- To make the change persistent after reboot, edit `/boot/loader/entries/arch.conf` (assuming you set up your EFI System Partition and configuration files according to the instructions in the Beginners' Guide) and add them to the `options` line:

      options root=/dev/sda2 rw quiet splash

For more information on configuring Gummiboot, see the Gummiboot article.

#### rEFInd

- To make the change persistent after reboot, edit `/boot/EFI/arch/refind_linux.conf` (ie. refind_linux.conf in the folder your kernel is located in) and append them to all/required lines, for example:

      "Boot to X"   "root=PARTUUID=978e3e81-8048-4ae1-8a06-aa727458e8ff ro rootfstype=ext4 quiet splash

- If you've disabled auto-detection of OS's in rEFInd and are defining OS stanzas instead in `/boot/EFI/refind/refind.conf` to load your OS's, you can edit it like:

      menuentry "Arch" {
      	loader /EFI/arch/vmlinuz-arch.efi
      	options "quiet splash ro root=PARTUUID=978e3e81-8048-4ae1-8a06-aa727458e8ff"

For more information on configuring kernel parameters in rEFInd, see Configuring the rEFInd Bootmanager

## Parameter list

Parameters always come in `parameter` or `parameter=value`. All of these parameters are case-sensitive.

Note: Not all of the listed options are always available. Most are associated with subsystems and work only if the kernel is configured with those subsystems built in. They also depend on the presence of the hardware they are associated with.

parameter | Description
--- | ---
`root=` | Root filesystem.
`ro` | Mount root device read-only on boot.
`rw` | Mount root device read-write on boot (default).
`initrd=` | Specify the location of the initial ramdisk.
`init=` | Run specified binary instead of `/sbin/init` (symlinked to systemd in Arch) as init process.
`init=/bin/sh` | Boot to shell.
`systemd.unit=` |
`systemd.unit=multi-user` | Boot to a specified runlevel.
`systemd.unit=rescue` | Boot to single-user mode (root).
`nomodeset` | Disable Kernel Mode Setting.

For a complete list of all options, please see the kernel documentation.

## See also

- Power saving#Kernel parameters
- List of kernel parameters with further explanation and grouped by similar options

Category:

- Kernel