# Arduino

Arduino is an open-source electronics prototyping platform based on flexible, easy-to-use hardware and software. It is intended for artists, designers, hobbyists, and anyone interested in creating interactive objects or environments. More information is available on the Arduino HomePage.

## Installation

Warning: Arduino 1.0.5 has an issue that prevents uploading to Arduino boards, it is recommend that you download the JSCC nightly build 32-bit or 64-bit version or 1.5.6-r2 build 32-bit or 1.5.6-r2 build 64-bit version. You will also need to have libusb-compat installed.

- Install arduino from the AUR.
- Add yourself to the `uucp` and `lock` groups. (More information in the next section: "Accessing serial")

### Intel Galileo

The version of the Arduino IDE that supports the Intel Galileo board can be downloaded here.

## Configuration

### Accessing serial

The arduino board communicates with the computer via a serial connection or a serial over USB connection. So the user needs read/write access to the serial device file. Udev creates files in /dev/tts/ owned by group uucp so adding the user to the uucp group gives the required read/write access.

    gpasswd -a $USER uucp
    gpasswd -a $USER lock

Note: You will have to logout and login again for this to take effect.

The arduino board appears as /dev/ttyACMx so if the above doesn't work try adding the user to the group tty

    gpasswd -a $USER tty

Before uploading to the Arduino, be sure to set the correct serial port, board, and processor from the Tools menu.

## stty

Preparing:

    # stty -F /dev/ttyACM0 cs8 9600 ignbrk -brkint -imaxbel -opost -onlcr -isig -icanon -iexten -echo -echoe -echok -echoctl -echoke noflsh -ixon -crtscts

Sending commands through Terminal without new line after command

    # echo -n "Hello World" > /dev/ttyACM0

Note: As autoreset on serial connection is activated by default on most boards, you need to disable this feature if you want to communicate directly with your board with the last command instead of a terminal emulator (arduino IDE, screen, picocom...). If you have a Leonardo board, you are not concerned by this, because it does not autoreset. If you have a Uno board, connect a 10 µF capacitor between the RESET and GND pins. If you have another board, connect a 120 ohms resistor between the RESET and 5V pins. See http://playground.arduino.cc/Main/DisablingAutoResetOnSerialConnection for more details.

Reading what your Arduino has to tell you

    $ cat /dev/ttyACM0

## Alternatives for IDE

### ArduIDE

ArduIDE is a Qt-based IDE for Arduino. arduide-git is available in the AUR.

If you prefer working from terminal, below there are some other options to choose from.

### Arduino-CMake

Using arduino-cmake and CMake you can build Arduino firmware from the command line using multiple build systems. CMake lets you generate the build system that fits your needs, using the tools you like. It can generate any type of build system, from simple Makefiles, to complete projects for Eclipse, Visual Studio, XCode, etc.

Requirements:

- CMake
- Arduino SDK
- gcc-avr
- avr-binutils
- avr-libc
- avrdude

### gnoduino

gnoduino is an implementation of original Arduino IDE for GNOME available in the AUR. The original Arduino IDE software is written in Java. This is a Python implementation and it is targeted at GNOME but will work on xfce4 and other WM. Its purpose is to be light, while maintaining compatibility with the original Arduino IDE. The source editor is based on gtksourceview.

### Ino

Ino is a command line toolkit for working with arduino hardware. ino is available in the AUR.

Note that Ino looks for the file avrdude.conf in /etc/avrdude/avrdude.conf, while pacman appears to place this file (upon installation of avrdude) in /etc/avrdude.conf. Create the directory /etc/avrdude and make a symlink ( ln -s /etc/avrdude.conf /etc/avrdude/avrdude.conf ) if ino gives you troubles.

### Makefile

Note: Update 2011-03-12. Arduino Is not shipping a Makefile with version (22). The Makefile from the dogm128 project works for me though.

Instead of using the Arduino IDE it is possible to use another editor and a Makefile.

Set up a directory to program your Arduino and copy the Makefile into this directory. A copy of the Makefile can be obtained from /usr/share/arduino/hardware/cores/arduino/Makefile

You will have to modify this a little bit to reflect your settings. The makefile should be pretty self explanatory. Here are some lines you may have to edit.

    PORT = usually /dev/ttyUSBx, where x is the usb serial port your arduino is plugged into
    TARGET = your sketch's name
    ARDUINO = /usr/share/arduino/lib/targets/arduino

Depending on which library functions you call in your sketch, you may need to compile parts of the library. To do that you need to edit your SRC and CXXSRC to include the required libraries.

Now you should be able to make && make upload to your board to execute your sketch.

### Scons

Using scons together with arscons it is very easy to use to compile and upload Arduino projects from the command line. Scons is based on python and you will need python-pyserial to use the serial interface. Install python-pyserial and scons.

That will get the dependencies you need too. You will also need Arduino itself so install it as described above. Create project directory (eg. test), then create a arduino project file in your new directory. Use the same name as the directory and add .ino (eg. test.ino). Get the SConstruct script from arscons and put it in your directory. Have a peek in it and, if necessary, edit it. It is a python script. Edit your project as you please, then run

    $ scons                # This will build the project
    $ scons upload         # This will upload the project to your Arduino

## Troubleshooting

### Consistent naming of Arduino devices

If you have more than one arduino you may have noticed that they names /dev/ttyUSB[0-9] are assigned in the order of connection. In the IDE this is not so much of a problem, but when you have programmed your own software to communicate with an arduino project in the background this can be annoying. Use the following udev rules to assign static symlinks to your arduino's:

    /etc/udev/rules.d/52-arduino.rules

    SUBSYSTEMS=="usb", KERNEL=="ttyUSB[0-9]*", ATTRS{idVendor}=="0403", ATTRS{idProduct}=="6001", SYMLINK+="sensors/ftdi_%s{serial}"

Your arduino's will be available under names like "/dev/sensors/ftdi_A700dzaF". If you want you can also assign more meaningfull names to several devices like this:

    /etc/udev/rules.d/52-arduino.rules

    SUBSYSTEMS=="usb", KERNEL=="ttyUSB[0-9]*", ATTRS{idVendor}=="0403", ATTRS{idProduct}=="6001", ATTRS{serial}=="A700dzaF", SYMLINK+="arduino/nano"

which will create a symlink in /dev/arduino/nano to the device with the specified serialnumber. You do need to unplug and replug your arduino for this to take effect or run

    udevadm trigger

### Error opening serial port

You may see the serial port initially when the IDE starts, but the TX/RX leds do nothing when uploading. You may have previously changed the baudrate in the serial monitor to something it does not like. Edit ~/.arduino/preferences.txt so that serial.debug_rate is a different speed, like 115200.

### Permissions to open serial port and create lockfile

Arduino uses java-rxtx to do the serial communications. It expects to create lock files in /var/lock/lockdev, so you need to be in the `lock` group. USB serial devices such as /dev/ttyUSB0 or /dev/ttyACM0 will often be assigned to the `uucp` group, so as long as you are adding yourself to groups, you should add that one too.

### Missing twi.o

If the file /usr/share/arduino/lib/targets/libraries/Wire/utility/twi.o does not exist arduino may try to create it. Normal users do not have permission to write there so this will fail. Run arduino as root so it can create the file, after the file has been created arduino can be run under a normal user.

### Working with Uno/Mega2560

The Arduino Uno and Mega2560 have an onboard USB interface (an Atmel 8U2) that accepts serial data, so they are accessed through /dev/ttyACM0 created by the cdc-acm kernel module when it is plugged in.

The 8U2 firmware may need an update to ease serial communications. See [1] for more details and reply #11 for a fix. The original arduino bbs, where you can find an image explaining how to get your Uno into DFU, is now in a read-only state. If you do not have an account to view the image, see [2].

You can perform a general function test of the Uno by putting it in loopback mode and typing characters into the arduino serial monitor at 115200 baud. It should echo the characters back to you. To put it in loopback, short pins 0 -> 1 on the digital side and either hold the reset button or short the GND -> RESET pins while you type.

### error compiling

if you get following message (in verbose mode)

    /usr/share/arduino/hardware/tools/avr/bin/../lib/gcc/avr/4.3.2/../../../avr/bin/ld: cannot find -lm

see this fix [3]

- install package avr-gcc
- Replace build-in avr-gcc compiler by same from package installed on previous step:

1. cd /usr/share/arduino/hardware/tools/avr/bin
2. mv ./avr-gcc ./avr-gcc-backup
3. ln -s /usr/bin/avr-gcc ./

## See also

- https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?pid=295312
- https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?pid=981348
- http://answers.ros.org/question/9097/how-can-i-get-a-unique-device-path-for-my-arduinoftdi-device/

Categories:

- Development
- Mathematics and science