9.3. Compiler Plugins
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## 9.3. Compiler Plugins

GHC has the ability to load compiler plugins at compile time. The feature is similar to the one provided by GCC, and allows users to write plugins that can inspect and modify the compilation pipeline, as well as transform and inspect GHC's intermediate language, Core. Plugins are suitable for experimental analysis or optimization, and require no changes to GHC's source code to use.

Plugins cannot optimize/inspect C--, nor can they implement things like parser/front-end modifications like GCC. If you feel strongly that any of these restrictions are too onerous, please give the GHC team a shout.

### 9.3.1. Using compiler plugins

Plugins can be specified on the command line with the option `-fplugin=`module`` where `module` is a module in a registered package that exports a plugin. Arguments can be given to plugins with the command line option `-fplugin-opt=`module`:`args``, where `args` are arguments interpreted by the plugin provided by `module`.

As an example, in order to load the plugin exported by `Foo.Plugin` in the package `foo-ghc-plugin`, and give it the parameter "baz", we would invoke GHC like this:

    $ ghc -fplugin Foo.Plugin -fplugin-opt Foo.Plugin:baz Test.hs
    [1 of 1] Compiling Main             ( Test.hs, Test.o )
    Loading package ghc-prim ... linking ... done.
    Loading package integer-gmp ... linking ... done.
    Loading package base ... linking ... done.
    Loading package ffi-1.0 ... linking ... done.
    Loading package foo-ghc-plugin-0.1 ... linking ... done.
    ...
    Linking Test ...
    $

Since plugins are exported by registered packages, it's safe to put dependencies on them in cabal for example, and specify plugin arguments to GHC through the `ghc-options` field.

### 9.3.2. Writing compiler plugins

Plugins are modules that export at least a single identifier, `plugin`, of type `GhcPlugins.Plugin`. All plugins should `import GhcPlugins` as it defines the interface to the compilation pipeline.

A `Plugin` effectively holds a function which installs a compilation pass into the compiler pipeline. By default there is the empty plugin which does nothing, `GhcPlugins.defaultPlugin`, which you should override with record syntax to specify your installation function. Since the exact fields of the `Plugin` type are open to change, this is the best way to ensure your plugins will continue to work in the future with minimal interface impact.

`Plugin` exports a field, `installCoreToDos` which is a function of type `[CommandLineOption] -> [CoreToDo] -> CoreM [CoreToDo]`. A `CommandLineOption` is effectively just `String`, and a `CoreToDo` is basically a function of type `Core -> Core`. A `CoreToDo` gives your pass a name and runs it over every compiled module when you invoke GHC.

As a quick example, here is a simple plugin that just does nothing and just returns the original compilation pipeline, unmodified, and says 'Hello':

    module DoNothing.Plugin (plugin) where
    import GhcPlugins

    plugin :: Plugin
    plugin = defaultPlugin {
      installCoreToDos = install
      }

    install :: [CommandLineOption] -> [CoreToDo] -> CoreM [CoreToDo]
    install _ todo = do
      reinitializeGlobals
      putMsgS "Hello!"
      return todo

Provided you compiled this plugin and registered it in a package (with cabal for instance,) you can then use it by just specifying `-fplugin=DoNothing.Plugin` on the command line, and during the compilation you should see GHC say 'Hello'.

Note carefully the `reinitializeGlobals` call at the beginning of the installation function. Due to bugs in the windows linker dealing with `libghc`, this call is necessary to properly ensure compiler plugins have the same global state as GHC at the time of invocation. Without `reinitializeGlobals`, compiler plugins can crash at runtime because they may require state that hasn't otherwise been initialized.

In the future, when the linking bugs are fixed, `reinitializeGlobals` will be deprecated with a warning, and changed to do nothing.

#### 9.3.2.1. `CoreToDo` in more detail

`CoreToDo` is effectively a data type that describes all the kinds of optimization passes GHC does on Core. There are passes for simplification, CSE, vectorisation, etc. There is a specific case for plugins, `CoreDoPluginPass :: String -> PluginPass -> CoreToDo` which should be what you always use when inserting your own pass into the pipeline. The first parameter is the name of the plugin, and the second is the pass you wish to insert.

`CoreM` is a monad that all of the Core optimizations live and operate inside of.

A plugin's installation function (`install` in the above example) takes a list of `CoreToDo`s and returns a list of `CoreToDo`. Before GHC begins compiling modules, it enumerates all the needed plugins you tell it to load, and runs all of their installation functions, initially on a list of passes that GHC specifies itself. After doing this for every plugin, the final list of passes is given to the optimizer, and are run by simply going over the list in order.

You should be careful with your installation function, because the list of passes you give back isn't questioned or double checked by GHC at the time of this writing. An installation function like the following:

    install :: [CommandLineOption] -> [CoreToDo] -> CoreM [CoreToDo]
    install _ _ = return []

is certainly valid, but also certainly not what anyone really wants.

#### 9.3.2.2. Manipulating bindings

In the last section we saw that besides a name, a `CoreDoPluginPass` takes a pass of type `PluginPass`. A `PluginPass` is a synonym for `(ModGuts -> CoreM ModGuts)`. `ModGuts` is a type that represents the one module being compiled by GHC at any given time.

A `ModGuts` holds all of the module's top level bindings which we can examine. These bindings are of type `CoreBind` and effectively represent the binding of a name to body of code. Top-level module bindings are part of a `ModGuts` in the field `mg_binds`. Implementing a pass that manipulates the top level bindings merely needs to iterate over this field, and return a new `ModGuts` with an updated `mg_binds` field. Because this is such a common case, there is a function provided named `bindsOnlyPass` which lifts a function of type `([CoreBind] -> CoreM [CoreBind])` to type `(ModGuts -> CoreM ModGuts)`.

Continuing with our example from the last section, we can write a simple plugin that just prints out the name of all the non-recursive bindings in a module it compiles:

    module SayNames.Plugin (plugin) where
    import GhcPlugins

    plugin :: Plugin
    plugin = defaultPlugin {
      installCoreToDos = install
      }

    install :: [CommandLineOption] -> [CoreToDo] -> CoreM [CoreToDo]
    install _ todo = do
      reinitializeGlobals
      return (CoreDoPluginPass "Say name" pass : todo)

    pass :: ModGuts -> CoreM ModGuts
    pass = do dflags <- getDynFlags
              bindsOnlyPass (mapM (printBind dflags))
      where printBind :: DynFlags -> CoreBind -> CoreM CoreBind
            printBind dflags bndr@(NonRec b _) = do
              putMsgS $ "Non-recursive binding named " ++ showSDoc dflags (ppr b)
              return bndr
            printBind _ bndr = return bndr

#### 9.3.2.3. Using Annotations

Previously we discussed annotation pragmas (Section 9.1, “Source annotations”), which we mentioned could be used to give compiler plugins extra guidance or information. Annotations for a module can be retrieved by a plugin, but you must go through the modules `ModGuts` in order to get it. Because annotations can be arbitrary instances of `Data` and `Typeable`, you need to give a type annotation specifying the proper type of data to retrieve from the interface file, and you need to make sure the annotation type used by your users is the same one your plugin uses. For this reason, we advise distributing annotations as part of the package which also provides compiler plugins if possible.

To get the annotations of a single binder, you can use `getAnnotations` and specify the proper type. Here's an example that will print out the name of any top-level non-recursive binding with the `SomeAnn` annotation:

    {-# LANGUAGE DeriveDataTypeable #-}
    module SayAnnNames.Plugin (plugin, SomeAnn(..)) where
    import GhcPlugins
    import Control.Monad (unless)
    import Data.Data

    data SomeAnn = SomeAnn deriving (Data, Typeable)

    plugin :: Plugin
    plugin = defaultPlugin {
      installCoreToDos = install
      }

    install :: [CommandLineOption] -> [CoreToDo] -> CoreM [CoreToDo]
    install _ todo = do
      reinitializeGlobals
      return (CoreDoPluginPass "Say name" pass : todo)

    pass :: ModGuts -> CoreM ModGuts
    pass g = do
              dflags <- getDynFlags
              mapM_ (printAnn dflags g) (mg_binds g) >> return g
      where printAnn :: DynFlags -> ModGuts -> CoreBind -> CoreM CoreBind
            printAnn dflags guts bndr@(NonRec b _) = do
              anns <- annotationsOn guts b :: CoreM [SomeAnn]
              unless (null anns) $ putMsgS $ "Annotated binding found: " ++  showSDoc dflags (ppr b)
              return bndr
            printAnn _ _ bndr = return bndr

    annotationsOn :: Data a => ModGuts -> CoreBndr -> CoreM [a]
    annotationsOn guts bndr = do
      anns <- getAnnotations deserializeWithData guts
      return $ lookupWithDefaultUFM anns [] (varUnique bndr)

Please see the GHC API documentation for more about how to use internal APIs, etc.

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