netctl

Summary
A guide to configuring the network using netctl and network profile scripts.
Overview
Arch Linux provides netctl for network management. netctl supports wired connections on desktops and servers, as well as wireless setups and roaming for mobile users, facilitating easy management of network profiles. NetworkManager and Wicd are popular third-party alternatives.
Related
Bridge with netctl

netctl is a CLI-based tool used to configure and manage network connections via profiles. It is a native Arch Linux project that replaces the old netcfg utility.

Installation

The netctl package is available in the official repositories. Installing netctl will replace netcfg.

netctl and netcfg are conflicting packages. You will be potentially connectionless after installing netctl if your profiles are misconfigured.

Note: It may be a good idea to use systemctl --type=service to ensure that no other service is running that may want to configure the network. Multiple networking services will conflict.

Required reading

It is advisable to read the following man pages before using netctl:

• netctl
• netctl.profile
• netctl.special

Configuration

netctl uses profiles to manage network connections, profile files are stored in /etc/netctl/. Example configuration files are provided for the user to assist them in configuring their network connection. These example profiles are located in /etc/netctl/examples/. The common configurations include:

• ethernet-dhcp
• ethernet-static
• wireless-wpa
• wireless-wpa-static

To use an example profile, simply copy one of them from /etc/netctl/examples/ to /etc/netctl/ and configure it to your needs:

# cp /etc/netctl/examples/wireless-wpa /etc/netctl/profile

Tip: For wireless settings, you can use wifi-menu -o to generate the profile file in /etc/netctl/.

Once you have created your profile, make an attempt to establish a connection using the newly created profile by running:

# netctl start profile

Note: profile is the file name, not including the full path. Providing the full path will make netctl exit with an error code.

If issuing the above command results in a failure, then use journalctl -xn and netctl status profile in order to obtain a more in depth explanation of the failure. Make the needed corrections to the failed configuration and retest.

Automatic operation

If you use only one profile (per interface) or want to switch profiles manually, the Basic method will do. Most common examples are servers, workstations, routers etc.

If you need to switch multiple profiles frequently, use Automatic switching of profiles. Most common examples are laptops.

Basic method

With this method, you can statically start only one profile per interface. First manually check that the profile can be started successfully, then it can be enabled using

# netctl enable profile

This will create and enable a systemd service that will start when the computer boots. Changes to the profile file will not propagate to the service file automatically. After such changes, it is necessary to reenable the profile:

# netctl reenable profile

Note: The connection is only established if the profile can be started succesfully at boot time (or when the service starts). That specifically means, in case of wired connection the cable must be plugged-in, in case of wireless connection the network must be in range.

Tip: To enable static IP profile on wired interface no matter if the cable is connected or not, use SkipNoCarrier=yes in your profile.

Automatic switching of profiles

netctl provides two special systemd services for automatic switching of profiles:

• For wired interfaces: netctl-ifplugd@interface.service. Using this netctl profiles change as you plug the cable in and out.
• For wireless interfaces: netctl-auto@interface.service. Using this netctl profiles change as you move from range of one network into range of other network.

Note: netcfg used net-auto-wireless.service and net-auto-wired.service for this purpose.

First install required packages:

• Package wpa_actiond is required to use netctl-auto@interface.service.
• Package ifplugd is required to use netctl-ifplugd@interface.service.

Now configure all profiles that netctl-auto@interface.service or netctl-ifplugd@interface.service can start.

If you want some wireless profile not to be started automatically by netctl-auto@interface.service, you have to explicitly add ExcludeAuto=yes to that profile. You can use Priority= to set priority of some profile when multiple profiles are available. netctl-ifplugd@interface.service will prefer profiles, which use DHCP. To prefer a profile with a static IP, you can use AutoWired=yes. See netctl.profile(5) for details.

Warning: Automatic selection of a WPA-enabled profile by netctl-auto is not possible with option Security=wpa-config, please use Security=wpa-configsection instead.

Once your profiles are set and verified to be working, simply enable these services using systemctl:

# systemctl enable netctl-auto@interface.service 
# systemctl enable netctl-ifplugd@interface.service  

Warning:

• If any of the profiles contain errors, such as an empty Key= variable, the unit will fail to load at boot.
• This method conflicts with the Basic method. If you have previously enabled a profile through netctl, run netctl disable profile to prevent the profile from starting twice at boot.

Since netctl 1.3, it possible to manually control an interface otherwise managed by netctl-auto without having to stop the netctl-auto service. This is done using the netctl-auto command. To have a list of available actions just run:

 # netctl-auto --help

Migrating from netcfg

netctl uses /etc/netctl/ to store its profiles, not /etc/network.d/ (used by netcfg).

In order to migrate from netcfg, at least the following is needed:

• Disable the netcfg service: systemctl disable netcfg.service.
• Uninstall netcfg and install netctl.
• Move network profile files to the new directory.
• Rename variables therein according to netctl.profile(5) (Most variable names have only UpperCamelCase i.e CONNECTION becomes Connection).
• For static IP configuration make sure the Address variables have a netmask after the IP (e.g. Address=('192.168.1.23/24' '192.168.1.87/24') in the example profile).
• If you setup a wireless profile according in the wireless-wpa-configsection example, note that this overrides wpa_supplicant options defined above the brackets. For a connection to a hidden wireless network, add scan_ssid=1 to the options in the wireless-wpa-configsection; Hidden=yes does not work there.
• Unquote interface variables and other variables that don't strictly need quoting (this is mainly a style thing).
• Run netctl enable profile for every profile in the old NETWORKS array. last doesn't work this way, see netctl.special(7).
• Use netctl list and/or netctl start profile instead of netcfg-menu. wifi-menu remains available.
• Unlike netcfg, by default netctl fails to bring up a NIC when it is not connected to another powered up NIC. To solve this problem, add SkipNoCarrier=yes at the end of your /etc/netctl/profile.

Passphrase obfuscation (256-bit PSK)

Note: Although "encrypted", the key that you put in the profile configuration is enough to connect to a WPA-PSK network. Therefore this process is only useful for hiding the human-readable version of the passphrase. This will not prevent anyone with read access to this file from connecting to the network. You should ask yourself if there is any use in this at all, since using the same passphrase for anything else is a very poor security measure.

Users not wishing to have the passphrase to their wireless network stored in plain text have the option of storing the corresponding 256-bit pre-shared key (PSK) instead, which is calculated from the passphrase and the SSID using standard algorithms.

• Method 1: Use wifi-menu -o to generate a config file in /etc/netctl/
• Method 2: Manual settings as follows.

For both methods it is suggested to chmod 600 /etc/netctl/<config_file> to prevent user access to the password.

Calculate your 256-bit PSK using wpa_passphrase:

$ wpa_passphrase your_essid passphrase

network={
  ssid="your_essid"
  #psk="passphrase"
  psk=64cf3ced850ecef39197bb7b7b301fc39437a6aa6c6a599d0534b16af578e04a
}

Note: This information will be used in your profile, so do not close the terminal.

In a second terminal window, copy the example file wireless-wpa from /etc/netctl/examples to /etc/netctl:

# cp /etc/netctl/examples/wireless-wpa /etc/netctl/wireless-wpa

You will then need to edit /etc/netctl/wireless-wpa using your favorite text editor and add the pre-shared key, that was generated earlier using wpa_passphrase, to the Key variable of this profile.

Once completed your network profile wireless-wpa containing a 256-bit PSK should resemble:

/etc/netctl/wireless-wpa

Description='A simple WPA encrypted wireless connection using 256-bit PSK'
Interface=wlp2s2
Connection=wireless
Security=wpa
IP=dhcp
ESSID=your_essid
Key=\"64cf3ced850ecef39197bb7b7b301fc39437a6aa6c6a599d0534b16af578e04a

Note:

• Make sure to use the special quoting rules for the Key variable as explained at the end of netctl.profile(5).
• If the passphrase fails, try removing the \" in the Key variable.

Tips and tricks

Replace 'netcfg current'

If you used netcfg current in the past, you can use # netctl-auto current as a replacement for connections started with netctl-auto (feature since netctl-1.3).

To manually parse the connections, you can also use:

# netctl list | awk '/*/ {print $2}'

Eduroam

Some universities use a system called "Eduroam" to manage their wireless networks. For this system, a WPA config-section profile with the following format is often useful:

/etc/netctl/wlan0-eduroam

Description='Eduroam-profile for <user>'
Interface=wlan0
Connection=wireless
Security=wpa-configsection
IP=dhcp
WPAConfigSection=(
 'ssid="eduroam"'
 'proto=RSN'
 'key_mgmt=WPA-EAP'
 'pairwise=CCMP'
 'auth_alg=OPEN'
 'eap=PEAP'
 'identity="<user>"'
 'password="<password>"'
)

Tip: To prevent storing your password as plaintext, you can generate a password hash with $ echo -n <password> | iconv -t utf16le | openssl md4. Then use it as 'password=hash:<hash>'.

For TTLS and certified universities this setup works:

/etc/netctl/wlan0-eduroam

Description='Eduroam university'
Interface=wlan0 
Connection=wireless
Security=wpa-configsection
IP=dhcp
ESSID=eduroam
WPAConfigSection=(
    'ssid="eduroam"'
    'key_mgmt=WPA-EAP'
    'eap=TTLS'
    'group=TKIP'
    'anonymous_identity="anonymous@domain_university"'
    'identity="XXX@domain_university"'
    'password="XXX"'
    'ca_cert="Path/to/the/certificate"'
    'phase2="auth=PAP"'
)

Bonding

From kernel documentation:

The Linux bonding driver provides a method for aggregating multiple network interfaces into a single logical "bonded" interface. The behavior of the bonded interfaces depends on the mode. Generally speaking, modes provide either hot standby or load balancing services. Additionally, link integrity monitoring may be performed.

Load balancing

To use bonding with netctl, additional package from official repositories is required: ifenslave.

Copy /etc/netctl/examples/bonding to /etc/netctl/bonding and edit it, for example:

/etc/netctl/bonding

Description='Bond Interface'
Interface='bond0'
Connection=bond
BindsToInterfaces=('eth0' 'eth1')
IP=dhcp
IP6=stateless

Now you can disable your old configuration and set bonding to be started automatically. Switch to the new profile, for example:

# netctl switch-to bonding

Note: This uses the round-robin policy, which is the default for the bonding driver. See official documentation for details.

Tip: To check the status and bonding mode:

$ cat /proc/net/bonding/bond0

Wired to wireless failover

This example describes how to use bonding to fallback to wireless when the wired ethernet goes down. The presence of network connection on each interface is detected and dhcpcd is started when connection on either or both interfaces is established.

You'll need additional packages from the official repositories: ifplugd, ifenslave and wpa_supplicant.

First configure the bonding driver to use active-backup:

/etc/modprobe.d/bonding.conf

options bonding mode=active-backup
options bonding miimon=100
options bonding primary=eth0
options bonding max_bonds=0

The max_bonds option avoids the Interface bond0 already exists error.

Next, configure a netctl profile to enslave the two hardware interfaces:

/etc/netctl/failover

Description='A wired connection with failover to wireless'
Interface='bond0'
Connection=bond
BindsToInterfaces=('eth0' 'wlan0')
IP='no'
SkipNoCarrier='no'

Enable the profile on startup.

# netctl enable failover

Configure wpa_supplicant to associate with known networks. This can be done with a netctl profile (remember to use IP='no') and a wpa_supplicant service running constantly, or on-demand with wpa_cli. Ways to do this are covered on the wpa_supplicant page.

Create an ifplugd action for automatic DHCP assignment on the bonded interface:

/etc/ifplugd/bond_dhcp.action

#!/bin/sh

case "$2" in
  up)
    systemctl start "dhcpcd@$1.service" && exit 0
    ;;
  down)
    systemctl stop "dhcpcd@$1.service" && exit 0
    ;;
  *)
    echo "Wrong arguments" > /dev/stderr
    ;;
esac
exit 1

and make it executable

# chmod +x /etc/ifplugd/bond_dhcp.action

Then create the systemd service which starts ifplugd for bond0:

/etc/systemd/system/net-auto-bonded@.service

[Unit]
Description=Provides automatic dhcp resolution for bonded failover connection
Requires=netctl@failover.service
After=netctl@failover.service

[Service]
ExecStart=/usr/bin/ifplugd -i %i -r /etc/ifplugd/bond_dhcp.action -fIns

[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target

Enable the net-auto-bonded service and reboot:

# systemctl enable net-auto-bonded@bond0.service
# reboot

If you have a wired and wireless connection to the same network, you can probably now disconnect and reconnect the wired connection without losing connectivity. In most cases, even streaming music won't skip!

Remove old dhcpcd lease

# rm /var/lib/dhcpcd/dhcpcd-wlan0.lease

DHCP timeout issues

If you are having timeout issues when requesting leases via DHCP you can set the timeout value higher than netctl's 10 seconds by default. Create a file in /etc/netctl/hooks/ or /etc/netctl/interfaces/, add TimeoutDHCP=30 to it for a timeout of 30 seconds and make the file executable.

See also

• Official announcement thread
• There is a cinnamon applet available in the AUR: cinnamon-applet-netctl-systray-menu