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# nano

From ArchWiki

GNU nano (or nano) is a text editor which aims to introduce a simple interface and intuitive command options to console based text editing. nano is the default console editor in distributions such as Ubuntu and supports features including colorized syntax highlighting, DOS/Mac file type conversions, spellchecking and UTF-8 encoding. nano opened with an empty buffer typically occupies under 1.5 MB of resident memory. nano Screenshot.

## Package installation

nano is part of the Arch Linux [core] repository, usually installed by default by AIF.

## Configuration

### Creating ~/.nanorc

The look, feel and function of nano is typically controlled by way of either command-line arguments, or configuration commands within the file `~/.nanorc`.
A sample configuration file is installed upon program installation and is located at `/etc/nanorc`.The file `~/.nanorc` must be first created by the user:

    $ cd ~
    $ touch .nanorc

or

    $ cp /etc/nanorc ~/.nanorc

Proceed to establish the nano console environment by setting and/or unsetting commands within `.nanorc` file.

Tip: NANORC details the complete list configuration commands available for nano.
Note: Command-line arguments override and take precedence over the configuration commands established in .nanorc

### Syntax highlighting

#### for PKGBUILD files

This new version highlights like the Arch Linux "svntogit-server".

    # Arch PKGBUILD files
    #
    syntax "pkgbuild" "^.*PKGBUILD*"
    # commands
    color red "\<(cd|echo|enable|exec|export|kill|popd|pushd|read|source|touch|type)\>"
    color brightblack "\<(case|cat|chmod|chown|cp|diff|do|done|elif|else|esac|exit|fi|find|for|ftp|function|grep|gzip|if|in)\>"
    color brightblack "\<(install|ln|local|make|mv|patch|return|rm|sed|select|shift|sleep|tar|then|time|until|while|yes)\>"
    # ${*}
    icolor blue "\$\{?[0-9A-Z_!@#$*?-]+\}?"
    # numerics
    color blue "\ [0-9]*"
    color blue "\.[0-9]*"
    color blue "\-[0-9]*"
    color blue "=[0-9]"
    # spaces
    color ,green "[[:space:]]+$"
    # strings; multilines are not supported
    color brightred ""(\\.|[^"])*"" "'(\\.|[^'])*'"
    # comments
    color brightblack "#.*$"

This is another version from this forum thread.

    ## Arch PKGBUILD files
    ##
    syntax "pkgbuild" "^.*PKGBUILD$"
    color green start="^." end="$"
    color cyan "^.*(pkgbase|pkgname|pkgver|pkgrel|pkgdesc|arch|url|license).*=.*$"
    color brightcyan "\<(pkgbase|pkgname|pkgver|pkgrel|pkgdesc|arch|url|license)\>"
    color brightcyan "(\$|\$\{|\$\()(pkgbase|pkgname|pkgver|pkgrel|pkgdesc|arch|url|license)(|\}|\))"
    color cyan "^.*(depends|makedepends|optdepends|conflicts|provides|replaces).*=.*$"
    color brightcyan "\<(depends|makedepends|optdepends|conflicts|provides|replaces)\>"
    color brightcyan "(\$|\$\{|\$\()(depends|makedepends|optdepends|conflicts|provides|replaces)(|\}|\))"
    color cyan "^.*(groups|backup|noextract|options).*=.*$"
    color brightcyan "\<(groups|backup|noextract|options)\>"
    color brightcyan "(\$|\$\{|\$\()(groups|backup|noextract|options)(|\}|\))"
    color cyan "^.*(install|source|md5sums|sha1sums|sha256sums|sha384sums|sha512sums).*=.*$"
    color brightcyan "\<(install|source|md5sums|sha1sums|sha256sums|sha384sums|sha512sums)\>"
    color brightcyan "(\$|\$\{|\$\()(install|source|md5sums|sha1sums|sha256sums|sha384sums|sha512sums)(|\}|\))"
    color brightcyan "\<(startdir|srcdir|pkgdir)\>"
    color cyan "\.install"
    color brightwhite "=" "'" "\(" "\)" "\"" "#.*$" "\," "\{" "\}"
    color brightred "build\(\)"
    color brightred "package_.*.*$"
    color brightred "\<(configure|make|cmake|scons)\>"
    color red "\<(DESTDIR|PREFIX|prefix|sysconfdir|datadir|libdir|includedir|mandir|infodir)\>"

To use, save as /usr/share/nano/pkgbuild.nanorc and add:

    include "/usr/share/nano/pkgbuild.nanorc"

to your `~/.nanorc` or to `/etc/nanorc`.

#### Other definitions

Syntax highlighting enhancements which replace and expand the defaults can be found in the AUR, nano-syntax-highlighting-git.

### Suggested configuration

#### Suspension

Unlike most interactive programs, suspension is not enabled by default. To change this, uncomment the 'set suspend' line in `/etc/nanorc`. This will allow you to use the keys `Ctrl+z` to send nano to the background.

#### Do not wrap text

If you are coming from another distribution, you might wonder about nano's strange behaviour, so just edit /etc/nanorc like this:

    ## Do not wrap text at all.
    set nowrap

## nano usage

### Special functions

- `Ctrl` key modified shortcuts (`^`) representing commonly used functions are listed along the bottom two lines of the nano screen.
- Additional functions can be interactively toggled by way of `Meta` (typically `Alt`) and/or `Esc` key modified sequences.

#### Shortcut lists overview

- `^G Get Help` (`F1`)

  Displays the online help files within the session window. A suggested read for nano users of all levels

- `^O WriteOut` (`F3`)

  Save the contents of the current file buffer to a file on the disk

- `^R Read File` (`F5`)

  Inserts another file into the current one at the cursor location

- `^Y Prev Page` (`F7`)

  Display the previous buffered screen

- `^K Cut Text` (`F9`)

  Cut and store the current line from the beginning of the line to the end of the line

- `^C Cur Pos` (`F11`)

  Display line, column and character position information at the current location of the cursor

- `^X Exit` (`F2`)

  Close and exit nano

- `^J Justify` (`F4`)

  Aligns text according to the geometry of the console window

- `^W Where` (`F6`)

  Perform a case-insensitive string, or regular expression search

- `^V Next Page` (`F8`)

  Display the next buffered screen

- `^U UnCut Text` (`F10`)

  Paste the contents of the cut buffer to the current cursor location

- `^T To Spell` (`F12`)

  Spellcheck the contents of the buffer with the built-in `spell`, if available

Tip: See the nano online help files via `Ctrl+g` within nano and the nano Command Manual for complete descriptions and additional support.

#### Selected toggle functions

- `Meta+c` (or `Esc+c`)

  Toggles support for line, column and character position information.

- `Meta+i` (or `Esc+i`)

  Toggles support for the auto indentation of lines

- `Meta+k` (or `Esc+k`)

  Toggles support for cutting text from the current cursor position to the end of the line

- `Meta+m` (or `Esc+m`)

  Toggles mouse support for cursor placement, marking and shortcut execution

- `Meta+x` (or `Esc+x`)

  Toggles the display of the shortcut list at the bottom of the nano screen for additional screen space

Tip: Feature Toggles lists the global toggles available for nano.

## Tips & tricks

### Replacing vi with nano

Casual users may prefer the use of `nano` over `vi` for its simplicity and ease of use and may opt to replace vi with nano as the default text editor for commands such as visudo.

#### Method one

Warning: From `man 8 visudo`: Note that this can be a security hole since it allows the user to execute any program they wish simply by setting VISUAL or EDITOR.

sudo from the core repository is compiled with `--with-env-editor` by default and honors the use of the `VISUAL` and `EDITOR` variables. To establish nano as the visudo editor for the duration of the current shell session, set and export the `EDITOR` variable before calling visudo.

    export EDITOR=nano

##### Example usage

     export EDITOR=nano && sudo visudo

#### Method two

Warning: From `man 8 visudo`: Note that this can be a security hole since it allows the user to execute any program they wish simply by setting VISUAL or EDITOR.

The EDITOR variable can also be set within the following files for persistent use:

- ~/.bash_profile (login shell)
- ~/.bashrc (interactive, non-login shell)
- /etc/profile (global settings for all system users except `root`)

##### Example .bash_profile

    . $HOME/.bashrc

#### Method three

Note: This method can be considered draconian and may not be suitable for all users. Nonetheless, the following procedure exists as a viable example solution.

##### Symbolic linking

As root, or with `su -`

Rename the `vi` executable to `vi.old` for ease of restoration:

    # mv /usr/bin/vi /usr/bin/vi.old

Create a symbolic link from `/usr/bin/nano` to `/usr/bin/vi`

    # ln -s /usr/bin/nano /usr/bin/vi

Assuming sudo is installed and properly configured. You will need to add `vi` to the `IgnorePkg` list in `pacman.conf` to make this permanent. Otherwise it will revert back to `vi` the next time it is updated.

##### Restoration of vi

Remove the `/usr/bin/vi` symbolic link:

    unlink /usr/bin/vi

Rename the `vi.old` executable back to `vi`:

    mv /usr/bin/vi.old /usr/bin/vi

#### Method four

Note: This method can be considered draconian and may not be suitable for all users. Nonetheless, the following procedure exists as a viable example solution.

##### Removal & symbolic linking

Use pacman to remove the `vi` package, its configuration, and all unneeded dependencies:

    pacman -Rns vi

Create a symbolic link from `/usr/bin/nano` to `/usr/bin/vi`:

    ln -s /usr/bin/nano /usr/bin/vi

##### Restoration of vi

Remove the `/usr/bin/vi` symbolic link:

    unlink /usr/bin/vi

Use pacman to install the previously deinstallled `vi` package:

    pacman -S vi

Note: Do not clean `-c` or refresh `-y` the package database if you wish to retain the previously installed version of the `vi` package.
If this case, subsequent updates will also require the judicious use of the `--ignore vi` switch (and optionally `--ignore glibc ncurses coreutils`).

## Additional resources

- nano (text editor) - Wikipedia Entry
- GNU nano Homepage - Official Site
- GNU nano Bugs Bug Reporting
- Better syntax highlighting definitions

Retrieved from "https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php?title=Nano&oldid=278744"
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