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# Kernels (简体中文)

From ArchWiki

摘要
本文讨论 Arch 中的内核、内核补丁和内核编译。
相关页面
Kernel modules (简体中文)
Kernel Panics (简体中文)
Linux-ck (简体中文)
sysctl

来自 Wikipedia:

  内核是大多数计算机操作系统的主要组件。它是沟通应用程序和硬件层实际数据处理的桥梁。内核的任务包括管理系统的资源(软硬件之间的通信)。

There are various alternative kernels available for Arch Linux in addition to the mainline Linux kernel. This article lists some of the options available in the repositories with a brief description of each. There is also a description of patches that can be applied to the system's kernel. The article ends with an overview of custom kernel compilation with links to various methods.

## 预编译的内核

### 官方软件包

linux
  The Linux kernel and modules from the [core] repository. Vanilla kernel with three patches applied (as of 3.1.3-1).

linux-lts
  Long term support (LTS) Linux kernel and modules from the [core] repository.

### AUR 软件包

linux-bfs
  Linux kernel and modules with the Brain Fuck Scheduler (BFS) - created by Con Kolivas for desktop computers with fewer than 4096 cores, with BFQ I/O scheduler as optional.

linux-ck
  Linux Kernel built with Con Kolivas' ck1 patchset.
  Additional options which can be toggled on/off in the PKGBUILD include: BFQ scheduler, nconfig, localmodconfig, uksm and use running kernel's config.
  These are patches designed to improve system responsiveness with specific emphasis on the desktop, but suitable to any workload. The ck patches include BFS.
  For further information and installation instructions, please read the linux-ck main article.

linux-fbcondecor
  The Linux Kernel and modules with fbcondecor support.fbcondecor=Framebuffer Console Decorations. It is a kernel patch that adds eye-candy by making it possible to display pictures in the background of system consoles. In order for the patch to work properly, a userspace helper application called fbcondecor_helper has to be installed. This application is currently provided as a part of fbsplash.

linux-grsec
  The Linux Kernel and modules with grsecurity and PaX patches for increased security.

linux-ice
  The Linux Kernel and modules with gentoo-sources patchset and TuxOnIce support.

linux-lqx
  Liquorix is a distro kernel replacement built using the best configuration and kernel sources for desktop, multimedia, and gaming workloads, often used as a Debian Linux performance replacement kernel. damentz, the maintainer of the Liquorix patchset, is a developer for the Zen patchset as well, so many of the improvements there are found in this patchset.

linux-pax
  The Linux Kernel and modules with PaX patches for increased security.

linux-pf
  Linux kernel and modules with the pf-kernel patchset [-ck patchset (BFS included), TuxOnIce, BFQ], aufs2 and squashfs-lzma.

linux-aircrack
  Linux kernel and kernel headers - patched for the aircrack-ng suite to work properly.

linux-zen
  The Zen Kernel is a the result of a collaborative effort of kernel hackers to provide the best Linux kernel possible for every day systems.

kernel-netbook
  Static kernel for netbooks with Intel Atom N270/N280/N450/N550 such as the Eee PC with the add-on of external firmware (broadcom-wl) and patchset (BFS + TuxOnIce + BFQ optional) - Only Intel GPU

## 补丁与补丁集

There are lots of reasons to patch your kernel, the major ones are for performance or support for non-mainline features such as reiser4 file system support. Other reasons might include fun and to see how it is done and what the improvements are.

However, it is important to note that the best way to increase the speed of your system is to first tailor your kernel to your system, especially the architecture and processor type. For this reason using pre-packaged versions of custom kernels with generic architecture settings is not recommended or really worth it. A further benefit is that you can reduce the size of your kernel (and therefore build time) by not including support for things you do not have or use. For example, I always start with the stock kernel config when a new kernel version is released and I remove support for things like bluetooth, video4linux, 1000Mbit ethernet, etc. Stuff I know I won't use before I build my next kernel! However, this page is not about customizing your kernel config but I would recommend that as a first step to be combined with a patchset later.

### 如何安装

The installation process of custom kernel packages relies on the Arch Build System (AUR). If you haven't built any custom packages yet you may consult the following articles: Arch Build System and Creating Packages.

If you haven't actually patched or customized a kernel before it is not that hard and there are many PKGBUILDS on the forum for individual patchsets. However, I would advise you to start from scratch with a bit of research on the benefits of each patchset rather than jumping on the nearest bandwagon! This way you'll learn much more about what you are doing rather than just choosing a kernel at startup and wondering what it actually does.

See #编译.

### 主要补丁集

First of all it is important to note that patchsets are developed by a variety of people. Some of these people are actually involved in the production of the linux kernel and others are hobbyists, which may reflect its level of reliability and stability.

It is also worth noting that some patchsets are built on the back of other patchsets (which may or may not be reflected in the title of the patch). Patchsets (and kernel updates) can be released very frequently and often it is not worth keeping up with ALL of them so do not go crazy, unless you make it your hobby!

You can search google for more sets - remember to use quotes `"-nitro"` for example otherwise google will deliberately NOT show the results you want!

Note: This section is for information only - clearly no guarantees of stability or reliability are implied by inclusion on this page.

#### -ck

These are patches designed to improve system responsiveness with specific emphasis on the desktop, but suitable to any workload. The patches are created and maintained by Con Kolivas, his site is at http://users.on.net/~ckolivas/kernel/. Con maintains a full set but also provides the patches broken down so you can add only those you prefer.

The -ck patches can be found at http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/ck/patches/2.6/

#### -rt

This patchset is maintained by a small group of core developers, led by Ingo Molnar. This patch allows nearly all of the kernel to be preempted, with the exception of a few very small regions of code ("raw_spinlock critical regions"). This is done by replacing most kernel spinlocks with mutexes that support priority inheritance, as well as moving all interrupt and software interrupts to kernel threads.

It further incorporates high resolution timers - a patch set, which is independently maintained.

[as said from the Real-Time Linux Wiki]

patch at http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/projects/rt/

#### -grsecurity

Grsecurity is a security focused patchset. It adds numerous security related features such as Role-Based Access Control and utilizes features of the PaX project. It can be used on a desktop but a public server would receive the greatest benefit. Some applications are incompatible with the additional security measures implemented by this patchset. If this occurs, consider using a lower security level.

The -grsecurity patches can be found at http://grsecurity.net

#### Tiny-Patches

The goal of Linux Tiny is to reduce its memory and disk footprint, as well as to add features to aid working on small systems. Target users are developers of embedded system and users of small or legacy machines such as 386s.

Patch releases against the mainstream Linux kernel have been discontinued. The developers chose to focus on a few patches and spend their time trying to get them merged into the mainline kernel.

### Individual patches

These are patches which can be simply included in any build of a vanilla kernel or incorporated (probably with some major tweaking) into another patchset. I have included some common ones for starters.

#### Reiser4

Reiser4

#### Gensplash/fbsplash

Gensplash - http://dev.gentoo.org/~spock/projects/

## 编译

Arch Linux 提供了多种内核构建方式。

### 使用 Arch 构建系统(ABS)(推荐)

推荐使用 Arch 构建系统，这样可以充分利用已有的 linux PKGBUILD 以及包管理系统。PKGBUILD 已经是结构化的，你可以在下载源代码之后配置内核。

参见 编译内核/Arch 构建系统.

### 传统方式

另外，也可以不使用 Arch 构建系统 编译内核(传统方式)。这个方法需要手动下载内核源代码包，然后在自己的主目录里以普通用户的权限编译。一旦完成配置之后，有两种编译(安装)方式：传统的安装和适用makepkg/pacman 的安装。

使用传统方式的一个优点是在其他发行版中也可以使用。

参见 传统方式 .

### NVIDIA 闭源驱动

参见 定制内核 查看详细关于在自定义内核中使用 Nvidia 闭源驱动的方法。

## 参见

- O'Reilly - Linux Kernel in a Nutshell （自由开源的电子书，包含内核配置、安装和其他的东西）

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