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from binascii import crc32

try:
    import json
except ImportError:
    import simplejson as json

import boto
from boto.connection import AWSQueryConnection
from boto.regioninfo import RegionInfo
from boto.exception import JSONResponseError
from boto.dynamodb2 import exceptions


class DynamoDBConnection(AWSQueryConnection):
    """
    Amazon DynamoDB is a fast, highly scalable, highly available,
    cost-effective non-relational database service. Amazon DynamoDB
    removes traditional scalability limitations on data storage while
    maintaining low latency and predictable performance.
    """
    APIVersion = "2012-08-10"
    DefaultRegionName = "us-east-1"
    DefaultRegionEndpoint = "dynamodb.us-east-1.amazonaws.com"
    ServiceName = "DynamoDB"
    TargetPrefix = "DynamoDB_20120810"
    ResponseError = JSONResponseError

    _faults = {
        "ProvisionedThroughputExceededException": exceptions.ProvisionedThroughputExceededException,
        "LimitExceededException": exceptions.LimitExceededException,
        "ConditionalCheckFailedException": exceptions.ConditionalCheckFailedException,
        "ResourceInUseException": exceptions.ResourceInUseException,
        "ResourceNotFoundException": exceptions.ResourceNotFoundException,
        "InternalServerError": exceptions.InternalServerError,
        "ItemCollectionSizeLimitExceededException": exceptions.ItemCollectionSizeLimitExceededException,
        "ValidationException": exceptions.ValidationException,
    }

    NumberRetries = 10


    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
        region = kwargs.pop('region', None)
        validate_checksums = kwargs.pop('validate_checksums', True)
        if not region:
            region_name = boto.config.get('DynamoDB', 'region',
                                          self.DefaultRegionName)
            for reg in boto.dynamodb2.regions():
                if reg.name == region_name:
                    region = reg
                    break

        # Only set host if it isn't manually overwritten
        if 'host' not in kwargs:
            kwargs['host'] = region.endpoint

        AWSQueryConnection.__init__(self, **kwargs)
        self.region = region
        self._validate_checksums = boto.config.getbool(
            'DynamoDB', 'validate_checksums', validate_checksums)
        self.throughput_exceeded_events = 0

    def _required_auth_capability(self):
        return ['hmac-v4']

    def batch_get_item(self, request_items, return_consumed_capacity=None):
        """
        The BatchGetItem operation returns the attributes of one or
        more items from one or more tables. You identify requested
        items by primary key.

        A single operation can retrieve up to 1 MB of data, which can
        comprise as many as 100 items. BatchGetItem will return a
        partial result if the response size limit is exceeded, the
        table's provisioned throughput is exceeded, or an internal
        processing failure occurs. If a partial result is returned,
        the operation returns a value for UnprocessedKeys . You can
        use this value to retry the operation starting with the next
        item to get.

        For example, if you ask to retrieve 100 items, but each
        individual item is 50 KB in size, the system returns 20 items
        (1 MB) and an appropriate UnprocessedKeys value so you can get
        the next page of results. If desired, your application can
        include its own logic to assemble the pages of results into
        one dataset.

        If no items can be processed because of insufficient
        provisioned throughput on each of the tables involved in the
        request, BatchGetItem throws
        ProvisionedThroughputExceededException .

        By default, BatchGetItem performs eventually consistent reads
        on every table in the request. If you want strongly consistent
        reads instead, you can set ConsistentRead to `True` for any or
        all tables.

        In order to minimize response latency, BatchGetItem fetches
        items in parallel.

        When designing your application, keep in mind that Amazon
        DynamoDB does not return attributes in any particular order.
        To help parse the response by item, include the primary key
        values for the items in your request in the AttributesToGet
        parameter.

        If a requested item does not exist, it is not returned in the
        result. Requests for nonexistent items consume the minimum
        read capacity units according to the type of read. For more
        information, see `Capacity Units Calculations`_ in the Amazon
        DynamoDB Developer Guide .

        :type request_items: map
        :param request_items:
        A map of one or more table names and, for each table, the corresponding
            primary keys for the items to retrieve. Each table name can be
            invoked only once.

        Each element in the map consists of the following:


        + Keys - An array of primary key attribute values that define specific
              items in the table.
        + AttributesToGet - One or more attributes to be retrieved from the
              table or index. By default, all attributes are returned. If a
              specified attribute is not found, it does not appear in the result.
        + ConsistentRead - If `True`, a strongly consistent read is used; if
              `False` (the default), an eventually consistent read is used.

        :type return_consumed_capacity: string
        :param return_consumed_capacity:

        """
        params = {'RequestItems': request_items, }
        if return_consumed_capacity is not None:
            params['ReturnConsumedCapacity'] = return_consumed_capacity
        return self.make_request(action='BatchGetItem',
                                 body=json.dumps(params))

    def batch_write_item(self, request_items, return_consumed_capacity=None,
                         return_item_collection_metrics=None):
        """
        The BatchWriteItem operation puts or deletes multiple items in
        one or more tables. A single call to BatchWriteItem can write
        up to 1 MB of data, which can comprise as many as 25 put or
        delete requests. Individual items to be written can be as
        large as 64 KB.

        BatchWriteItem cannot update items. To update items, use the
        UpdateItem API.

        The individual PutItem and DeleteItem operations specified in
        BatchWriteItem are atomic; however BatchWriteItem as a whole
        is not. If any requested operations fail because the table's
        provisioned throughput is exceeded or an internal processing
        failure occurs, the failed operations are returned in the
        UnprocessedItems response parameter. You can investigate and
        optionally resend the requests. Typically, you would call
        BatchWriteItem in a loop. Each iteration would check for
        unprocessed items and submit a new BatchWriteItem request with
        those unprocessed items until all items have been processed.

        To write one item, you can use the PutItem operation; to
        delete one item, you can use the DeleteItem operation.

        With BatchWriteItem , you can efficiently write or delete
        large amounts of data, such as from Amazon Elastic MapReduce
        (EMR), or copy data from another database into Amazon
        DynamoDB. In order to improve performance with these large-
        scale operations, BatchWriteItem does not behave in the same
        way as individual PutItem and DeleteItem calls would For
        example, you cannot specify conditions on individual put and
        delete requests, and BatchWriteItem does not return deleted
        items in the response.

        If you use a programming language that supports concurrency,
        such as Java, you can use threads to write items in parallel.
        Your application must include the necessary logic to manage
        the threads.

        With languages that don't support threading, such as PHP,
        BatchWriteItem will write or delete the specified items one at
        a time. In both situations, BatchWriteItem provides an
        alternative where the API performs the specified put and
        delete operations in parallel, giving you the power of the
        thread pool approach without having to introduce complexity
        into your application.

        Parallel processing reduces latency, but each specified put
        and delete request consumes the same number of write capacity
        units whether it is processed in parallel or not. Delete
        operations on nonexistent items consume one write capacity
        unit.

        If one or more of the following is true, Amazon DynamoDB
        rejects the entire batch write operation:


        + One or more tables specified in the BatchWriteItem request
          does not exist.
        + Primary key attributes specified on an item in the request
          do not match those in the corresponding table's primary key
          schema.
        + You try to perform multiple operations on the same item in
          the same BatchWriteItem request. For example, you cannot put
          and delete the same item in the same BatchWriteItem request.
        + The total request size exceeds 1 MB.
        + Any individual item in a batch exceeds 64 KB.

        :type request_items: map
        :param request_items:
        A map of one or more table names and, for each table, a list of
            operations to be performed ( DeleteRequest or PutRequest ). Each
            element in the map consists of the following:


        + DeleteRequest - Perform a DeleteItem operation on the specified item.
              The item to be deleted is identified by a Key subelement:

            + Key - A map of primary key attribute values that uniquely identify
                  the item. Each entry in this map consists of an attribute name and
                  an attribute value.

        + PutRequest - Perform a PutItem operation on the specified item. The
              item to be put is identified by an Item subelement:

            + Item - A map of attributes and their values. Each entry in this map
                  consists of an attribute name and an attribute value. Attribute
                  values must not be null; string and binary type attributes must
                  have lengths greater than zero; and set type attributes must not be
                  empty. Requests that contain empty values will be rejected with a
                  ValidationException . If you specify any attributes that are part
                  of an index key, then the data types for those attributes must
                  match those of the schema in the table's attribute definition.

        :type return_consumed_capacity: string
        :param return_consumed_capacity:

        :type return_item_collection_metrics: string
        :param return_item_collection_metrics: If set to `SIZE`, statistics
            about item collections, if any, that were modified during the
            operation are returned in the response. If set to `NONE` (the
            default), no statistics are returned..

        """
        params = {'RequestItems': request_items, }
        if return_consumed_capacity is not None:
            params['ReturnConsumedCapacity'] = return_consumed_capacity
        if return_item_collection_metrics is not None:
            params['ReturnItemCollectionMetrics'] = return_item_collection_metrics
        return self.make_request(action='BatchWriteItem',
                                 body=json.dumps(params))

    def create_table(self, attribute_definitions, table_name, key_schema,
                     provisioned_throughput, local_secondary_indexes=None):
        """
        The CreateTable operation adds a new table to your account. In
        an AWS account, table names must be unique within each region.
        That is, you can have two tables with same name if you create
        the tables in different regions.

        CreateTable is an asynchronous operation. Upon receiving a
        CreateTable request, Amazon DynamoDB immediately returns a
        response with a TableStatus of `CREATING`. After the table is
        created, Amazon DynamoDB sets the TableStatus to `ACTIVE`. You
        can perform read and write operations only on an `ACTIVE`
        table.

        If you want to create multiple tables with local secondary
        indexes on them, you must create them sequentially. Only one
        table with local secondary indexes can be in the `CREATING`
        state at any given time.

        You can use the DescribeTable API to check the table status.

        :type attribute_definitions: list
        :param attribute_definitions: An array of attributes that describe the
            key schema for the table and indexes.

        :type table_name: string
        :param table_name: The name of the table to create.

        :type key_schema: list
        :param key_schema: Specifies the attributes that make up the primary
            key for the table. The attributes in KeySchema must also be defined
            in the AttributeDefinitions array. For more information, see `Data
            Model`_ in the Amazon DynamoDB Developer Guide .
        Each KeySchemaElement in the array is composed of:


        + AttributeName - The name of this key attribute.
        + KeyType - Determines whether the key attribute is `HASH` or `RANGE`.


        For a primary key that consists of a hash attribute, you must specify
            exactly one element with a KeyType of `HASH`.

        For a primary key that consists of hash and range attributes, you must
            specify exactly two elements, in this order: The first element must
            have a KeyType of `HASH`, and the second element must have a
            KeyType of `RANGE`.

        For more information, see `Specifying the Primary Key`_ in the Amazon
            DynamoDB Developer Guide .

        :type local_secondary_indexes: list
        :param local_secondary_indexes:
        One or more secondary indexes (the maximum is five) to be created on
            the table. Each index is scoped to a given hash key value. There is
            a 10 gigabyte size limit per hash key; otherwise, the size of a
            local secondary index is unconstrained.

        Each secondary index in the array includes the following:


        + IndexName - The name of the secondary index. Must be unique only for
              this table.
        + KeySchema - Specifies the key schema for the index. The key schema
              must begin with the same hash key attribute as the table.
        + Projection - Specifies attributes that are copied (projected) from
              the table into the index. These are in addition to the primary key
              attributes and index key attributes, which are automatically
              projected. Each attribute specification is composed of:

            + ProjectionType - One of the following:

                + `KEYS_ONLY` - Only the index and primary keys are projected into the
                      index.
                + `INCLUDE` - Only the specified table attributes are projected into
                      the index. The list of projected attributes are in NonKeyAttributes
                      .
                + `ALL` - All of the table attributes are projected into the index.

            + NonKeyAttributes - A list of one or more non-key attribute names that
                  are projected into the index. The total count of attributes
                  specified in NonKeyAttributes , summed across all of the local
                  secondary indexes, must not exceed 20. If you project the same
                  attribute into two different indexes, this counts as two distinct
                  attributes when determining the total.

        :type provisioned_throughput: dict
        :param provisioned_throughput:

        """
        params = {
            'AttributeDefinitions': attribute_definitions,
            'TableName': table_name,
            'KeySchema': key_schema,
            'ProvisionedThroughput': provisioned_throughput,
        }
        if local_secondary_indexes is not None:
            params['LocalSecondaryIndexes'] = local_secondary_indexes
        return self.make_request(action='CreateTable',
                                 body=json.dumps(params))

    def delete_item(self, table_name, key, expected=None, return_values=None,
                    return_consumed_capacity=None,
                    return_item_collection_metrics=None):
        """
        Deletes a single item in a table by primary key. You can
        perform a conditional delete operation that deletes the item
        if it exists, or if it has an expected attribute value.

        In addition to deleting an item, you can also return the
        item's attribute values in the same operation, using the
        ReturnValues parameter.

        Unless you specify conditions, the DeleteItem is an idempotent
        operation; running it multiple times on the same item or
        attribute does not result in an error response.

        Conditional deletes are useful for only deleting items if
        specific conditions are met. If those conditions are met,
        Amazon DynamoDB performs the delete. Otherwise, the item is
        not deleted.

        :type table_name: string
        :param table_name: The name of the table from which to delete the item.

        :type key: map
        :param key: A map of attribute names to AttributeValue objects,
            representing the primary key of the item to delete.

        :type expected: map
        :param expected: A map of attribute/condition pairs. This is the
            conditional block for the DeleteItem operation. All the conditions
            must be met for the operation to succeed.
        Expected allows you to provide an attribute name, and whether or not
            Amazon DynamoDB should check to see if the attribute value already
            exists; or if the attribute value exists and has a particular value
            before changing it.

        Each item in Expected represents an attribute name for Amazon DynamoDB
            to check, along with the following:


        + Value - The attribute value for Amazon DynamoDB to check.
        + Exists - Causes Amazon DynamoDB to evaluate the value before
              attempting a conditional operation:

            + If Exists is `True`, Amazon DynamoDB will check to see if that
                  attribute value already exists in the table. If it is found, then
                  the operation succeeds. If it is not found, the operation fails
                  with a ConditionalCheckFailedException .
            + If Exists is `False`, Amazon DynamoDB assumes that the attribute
                  value does not exist in the table. If in fact the value does not
                  exist, then the assumption is valid and the operation succeeds. If
                  the value is found, despite the assumption that it does not exist,
                  the operation fails with a ConditionalCheckFailedException .
          The default setting for Exists is `True`. If you supply a Value all by
              itself, Amazon DynamoDB assumes the attribute exists: You don't
              have to set Exists to `True`, because it is implied. Amazon
              DynamoDB returns a ValidationException if:

            + Exists is `True` but there is no Value to check. (You expect a value
                  to exist, but don't specify what that value is.)
            + Exists is `False` but you also specify a Value . (You cannot expect
                  an attribute to have a value, while also expecting it not to
                  exist.)



        If you specify more than one condition for Exists , then all of the
            conditions must evaluate to true. (In other words, the conditions
            are ANDed together.) Otherwise, the conditional operation will
            fail.

        :type return_values: string
        :param return_values:
        Use ReturnValues if you want to get the item attributes as they
            appeared before they were deleted. For DeleteItem , the valid
            values are:


        + `NONE` - If ReturnValues is not specified, or if its value is `NONE`,
              then nothing is returned. (This is the default for ReturnValues .)
        + `ALL_OLD` - The content of the old item is returned.

        :type return_consumed_capacity: string
        :param return_consumed_capacity:

        :type return_item_collection_metrics: string
        :param return_item_collection_metrics: If set to `SIZE`, statistics
            about item collections, if any, that were modified during the
            operation are returned in the response. If set to `NONE` (the
            default), no statistics are returned..

        """
        params = {'TableName': table_name, 'Key': key, }
        if expected is not None:
            params['Expected'] = expected
        if return_values is not None:
            params['ReturnValues'] = return_values
        if return_consumed_capacity is not None:
            params['ReturnConsumedCapacity'] = return_consumed_capacity
        if return_item_collection_metrics is not None:
            params['ReturnItemCollectionMetrics'] = return_item_collection_metrics
        return self.make_request(action='DeleteItem',
                                 body=json.dumps(params))

    def delete_table(self, table_name):
        """
        The DeleteTable operation deletes a table and all of its
        items. After a DeleteTable request, the specified table is in
        the `DELETING` state until Amazon DynamoDB completes the
        deletion. If the table is in the `ACTIVE` state, you can
        delete it. If a table is in `CREATING` or `UPDATING` states,
        then Amazon DynamoDB returns a ResourceInUseException . If the
        specified table does not exist, Amazon DynamoDB returns a
        ResourceNotFoundException . If table is already in the
        `DELETING` state, no error is returned.

        Amazon DynamoDB might continue to accept data read and write
        operations, such as GetItem and PutItem , on a table in the
        `DELETING` state until the table deletion is complete.

        Tables are unique among those associated with the AWS Account
        issuing the request, and the AWS region that receives the
        request (such as dynamodb.us-east-1.amazonaws.com). Each
        Amazon DynamoDB endpoint is entirely independent. For example,
        if you have two tables called "MyTable," one in dynamodb.us-
        east-1.amazonaws.com and one in dynamodb.us-
        west-1.amazonaws.com, they are completely independent and do
        not share any data; deleting one does not delete the other.

        When you delete a table, any local secondary indexes on that
        table are also deleted.

        Use the DescribeTable API to check the status of the table.

        :type table_name: string
        :param table_name: The name of the table to delete.

        """
        params = {'TableName': table_name, }
        return self.make_request(action='DeleteTable',
                                 body=json.dumps(params))

    def describe_table(self, table_name):
        """
        Returns information about the table, including the current
        status of the table, when it was created, the primary key
        schema, and any indexes on the table.

        :type table_name: string
        :param table_name: The name of the table to describe.

        """
        params = {'TableName': table_name, }
        return self.make_request(action='DescribeTable',
                                 body=json.dumps(params))

    def get_item(self, table_name, key, attributes_to_get=None,
                 consistent_read=None, return_consumed_capacity=None):
        """
        The GetItem operation returns a set of attributes for the item
        with the given primary key. If there is no matching item,
        GetItem does not return any data.

        GetItem provides an eventually consistent read by default. If
        your application requires a strongly consistent read, set
        ConsistentRead to `True`. Although a strongly consistent read
        might take more time than an eventually consistent read, it
        always returns the last updated value.

        :type table_name: string
        :param table_name: The name of the table containing the requested item.

        :type key: map
        :param key: A map of attribute names to AttributeValue objects,
            representing the primary key of the item to retrieve.

        :type attributes_to_get: list
        :param attributes_to_get: The names of one or more attributes to
            retrieve. If no attribute names are specified, then all attributes
            will be returned. If any of the requested attributes are not found,
            they will not appear in the result.

        :type consistent_read: boolean
        :param consistent_read: If set to `True`, then the operation uses
            strongly consistent reads; otherwise, eventually consistent reads
            are used.

        :type return_consumed_capacity: string
        :param return_consumed_capacity:

        """
        params = {'TableName': table_name, 'Key': key, }
        if attributes_to_get is not None:
            params['AttributesToGet'] = attributes_to_get
        if consistent_read is not None:
            params['ConsistentRead'] = consistent_read
        if return_consumed_capacity is not None:
            params['ReturnConsumedCapacity'] = return_consumed_capacity
        return self.make_request(action='GetItem',
                                 body=json.dumps(params))

    def list_tables(self, exclusive_start_table_name=None, limit=None):
        """
        Returns an array of all the tables associated with the current
        account and endpoint.

        Each Amazon DynamoDB endpoint is entirely independent. For
        example, if you have two tables called "MyTable," one in
        dynamodb.us-east-1.amazonaws.com and one in dynamodb.us-
        west-1.amazonaws.com , they are completely independent and do
        not share any data. The ListTables operation returns all of
        the table names associated with the account making the
        request, for the endpoint that receives the request.

        :type exclusive_start_table_name: string
        :param exclusive_start_table_name: The name of the table that starts
            the list. If you already ran a ListTables operation and received a
            LastEvaluatedTableName value in the response, use that value here
            to continue the list.

        :type limit: integer
        :param limit: A maximum number of table names to return.

        """
        params = {}
        if exclusive_start_table_name is not None:
            params['ExclusiveStartTableName'] = exclusive_start_table_name
        if limit is not None:
            params['Limit'] = limit
        return self.make_request(action='ListTables',
                                 body=json.dumps(params))

    def put_item(self, table_name, item, expected=None, return_values=None,
                 return_consumed_capacity=None,
                 return_item_collection_metrics=None):
        """
        Creates a new item, or replaces an old item with a new item.
        If an item already exists in the specified table with the same
        primary key, the new item completely replaces the existing
        item. You can perform a conditional put (insert a new item if
        one with the specified primary key doesn't exist), or replace
        an existing item if it has certain attribute values.

        In addition to putting an item, you can also return the item's
        attribute values in the same operation, using the ReturnValues
        parameter.

        When you add an item, the primary key attribute(s) are the
        only required attributes. Attribute values cannot be null.
        String and binary type attributes must have lengths greater
        than zero. Set type attributes cannot be empty. Requests with
        empty values will be rejected with a ValidationException .

        You can request that PutItem return either a copy of the old
        item (before the update) or a copy of the new item (after the
        update). For more information, see the ReturnValues
        description.

        To prevent a new item from replacing an existing item, use a
        conditional put operation with Exists set to `False` for the
        primary key attribute, or attributes.

        For more information about using this API, see `Working with
        Items`_ in the Amazon DynamoDB Developer Guide .

        :type table_name: string
        :param table_name: The name of the table to contain the item.

        :type item: map
        :param item: A map of attribute name/value pairs, one for each
            attribute. Only the primary key attributes are required; you can
            optionally provide other attribute name-value pairs for the item.
        If you specify any attributes that are part of an index key, then the
            data types for those attributes must match those of the schema in
            the table's attribute definition.

        For more information about primary keys, see `Primary Key`_ in the
            Amazon DynamoDB Developer Guide .

        Each element in the Item map is an AttributeValue object.

        :type expected: map
        :param expected: A map of attribute/condition pairs. This is the
            conditional block for the PutItem operation. All the conditions
            must be met for the operation to succeed.
        Expected allows you to provide an attribute name, and whether or not
            Amazon DynamoDB should check to see if the attribute value already
            exists; or if the attribute value exists and has a particular value
            before changing it.

        Each item in Expected represents an attribute name for Amazon DynamoDB
            to check, along with the following:


        + Value - The attribute value for Amazon DynamoDB to check.
        + Exists - Causes Amazon DynamoDB to evaluate the value before
              attempting a conditional operation:

            + If Exists is `True`, Amazon DynamoDB will check to see if that
                  attribute value already exists in the table. If it is found, then
                  the operation succeeds. If it is not found, the operation fails
                  with a ConditionalCheckFailedException .
            + If Exists is `False`, Amazon DynamoDB assumes that the attribute
                  value does not exist in the table. If in fact the value does not
                  exist, then the assumption is valid and the operation succeeds. If
                  the value is found, despite the assumption that it does not exist,
                  the operation fails with a ConditionalCheckFailedException .
          The default setting for Exists is `True`. If you supply a Value all by
              itself, Amazon DynamoDB assumes the attribute exists: You don't
              have to set Exists to `True`, because it is implied. Amazon
              DynamoDB returns a ValidationException if:

            + Exists is `True` but there is no Value to check. (You expect a value
                  to exist, but don't specify what that value is.)
            + Exists is `False` but you also specify a Value . (You cannot expect
                  an attribute to have a value, while also expecting it not to
                  exist.)



        If you specify more than one condition for Exists , then all of the
            conditions must evaluate to true. (In other words, the conditions
            are ANDed together.) Otherwise, the conditional operation will
            fail.

        :type return_values: string
        :param return_values:
        Use ReturnValues if you want to get the item attributes as they
            appeared before they were updated with the PutItem request. For
            PutItem , the valid values are:


        + `NONE` - If ReturnValues is not specified, or if its value is `NONE`,
              then nothing is returned. (This is the default for ReturnValues .)
        + `ALL_OLD` - If PutItem overwrote an attribute name-value pair, then
              the content of the old item is returned.

        :type return_consumed_capacity: string
        :param return_consumed_capacity:

        :type return_item_collection_metrics: string
        :param return_item_collection_metrics: If set to `SIZE`, statistics
            about item collections, if any, that were modified during the
            operation are returned in the response. If set to `NONE` (the
            default), no statistics are returned..

        """
        params = {'TableName': table_name, 'Item': item, }
        if expected is not None:
            params['Expected'] = expected
        if return_values is not None:
            params['ReturnValues'] = return_values
        if return_consumed_capacity is not None:
            params['ReturnConsumedCapacity'] = return_consumed_capacity
        if return_item_collection_metrics is not None:
            params['ReturnItemCollectionMetrics'] = return_item_collection_metrics
        return self.make_request(action='PutItem',
                                 body=json.dumps(params))

    def query(self, table_name, index_name=None, select=None,
              attributes_to_get=None, limit=None, consistent_read=None,
              key_conditions=None, scan_index_forward=None,
              exclusive_start_key=None, return_consumed_capacity=None):
        """
        A Query operation directly accesses items from a table using
        the table primary key, or from an index using the index key.
        You must provide a specific hash key value. You can narrow the
        scope of the query by using comparison operators on the range
        key value, or on the index key. You can use the
        ScanIndexForward parameter to get results in forward or
        reverse order, by range key or by index key.

        Queries that do not return results consume the minimum read
        capacity units according to the type of read.

        If the total number of items meeting the query criteria
        exceeds the result set size limit of 1 MB, the query stops and
        results are returned to the user with a LastEvaluatedKey to
        continue the query in a subsequent operation. Unlike a Scan
        operation, a Query operation never returns an empty result set
        and a LastEvaluatedKey . The LastEvaluatedKey is only provided
        if the results exceed 1 MB, or if you have used Limit .

        To request a strongly consistent result, set ConsistentRead to
        true.

        :type table_name: string
        :param table_name: The name of the table containing the requested
            items.

        :type index_name: string
        :param index_name: The name of an index on the table to query.

        :type select: string
        :param select: The attributes to be returned in the result. You can
            retrieve all item attributes, specific item attributes, the count
            of matching items, or in the case of an index, some or all of the
            attributes projected into the index.

        + `ALL_ATTRIBUTES`: Returns all of the item attributes. For a table,
              this is the default. For an index, this mode causes Amazon DynamoDB
              to fetch the full item from the table for each matching item in the
              index. If the index is configured to project all item attributes,
              the matching items will not be fetched from the table. Fetching
              items from the table incurs additional throughput cost and latency.
        + `ALL_PROJECTED_ATTRIBUTES`: Allowed only when querying an index.
              Retrieves all attributes which have been projected into the index.
              If the index is configured to project all attributes, this is
              equivalent to specifying ALL_ATTRIBUTES .
        + `COUNT`: Returns the number of matching items, rather than the
              matching items themselves.
        + `SPECIFIC_ATTRIBUTES` : Returns only the attributes listed in
              AttributesToGet . This is equivalent to specifying AttributesToGet
              without specifying any value for Select . If you are querying an
              index and request only attributes that are projected into that
              index, the operation will read only the index and not the table. If
              any of the requested attributes are not projected into the index,
              Amazon DynamoDB will need to fetch each matching item from the
              table. This extra fetching incurs additional throughput cost and
              latency.


        When neither Select nor AttributesToGet are specified, Amazon DynamoDB
            defaults to `ALL_ATTRIBUTES` when accessing a table, and
            `ALL_PROJECTED_ATTRIBUTES` when accessing an index. You cannot use
            both Select and AttributesToGet together in a single request,
            unless the value for Select is `SPECIFIC_ATTRIBUTES`. (This usage
            is equivalent to specifying AttributesToGet without any value for
            Select .)

        :type attributes_to_get: list
        :param attributes_to_get: The names of one or more attributes to
            retrieve. If no attribute names are specified, then all attributes
            will be returned. If any of the requested attributes are not found,
            they will not appear in the result.
        If you are querying an index and request only attributes that are
            projected into that index, the operation will read only the index
            and not the table. If any of the requested attributes are not
            projected into the index, Amazon DynamoDB will need to fetch each
            matching item from the table. This extra fetching incurs additional
            throughput cost and latency.

        You cannot use both AttributesToGet and Select together in a Query
            request, unless the value for Select is `SPECIFIC_ATTRIBUTES`.
            (This usage is equivalent to specifying AttributesToGet without any
            value for Select .)

        :type limit: integer
        :param limit: The maximum number of items to evaluate (not necessarily
            the number of matching items). If Amazon DynamoDB processes the
            number of items up to the limit while processing the results, it
            stops the operation and returns the matching values up to that
            point, and a LastEvaluatedKey to apply in a subsequent operation,
            so that you can pick up where you left off. Also, if the processed
            data set size exceeds 1 MB before Amazon DynamoDB reaches this
            limit, it stops the operation and returns the matching values up to
            the limit, and a LastEvaluatedKey to apply in a subsequent
            operation to continue the operation. For more information see
            `Query and Scan`_ in the Amazon DynamoDB Developer Guide .

        :type consistent_read: boolean
        :param consistent_read: If set to `True`, then the operation uses
            strongly consistent reads; otherwise, eventually consistent reads
            are used.

        :type key_conditions: map
        :param key_conditions:
        The selection criteria for the query.

        For a query on a table, you can only have conditions on the table
            primary key attributes. you must specify the hash key attribute
            name and value as an `EQ` condition. You can optionally specify a
            second condition, referring to the range key attribute.

        For a query on a secondary index, you can only have conditions on the
            index key attributes. You must specify the index hash attribute
            name and value as an EQ condition. You can optionally specify a
            second condition, referring to the index key range attribute.

        Multiple conditions are evaluated using "AND"; in other words, all of
            the conditions must be met in order for an item to appear in the
            results results.

        Each KeyConditions element consists of an attribute name to compare,
            along with the following:


        + AttributeValueList - One or more values to evaluate against the
              supplied attribute. This list contains exactly one value, except
              for a `BETWEEN` or `IN` comparison, in which case the list contains
              two values. For type Number, value comparisons are numeric. String
              value comparisons for greater than, equals, or less than are based
              on ASCII character code values. For example, `a` is greater than
              `A`, and `aa` is greater than `B`. For a list of code values, see
              `http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII#ASCII_printable_characters`_.
              For Binary, Amazon DynamoDB treats each byte of the binary data as
              unsigned when it compares binary values, for example when
              evaluating query expressions.
        + ComparisonOperator - A comparator for evaluating attributes. For
              example, equals, greater than, less than, etc. Valid comparison
              operators for Query: `EQ | LE | LT | GE | GT | BEGINS_WITH |
              BETWEEN` For information on specifying data types in JSON, see
              `JSON Data Format`_ in the Amazon DynamoDB Developer Guide . The
              following are descriptions of each comparison operator.

            + `EQ` : Equal. AttributeValueList can contain only one AttributeValue
                  of type String, Number, or Binary (not a set). If an item contains
                  an AttributeValue of a different type than the one specified in the
                  request, the value does not match. For example, `{"S":"6"}` does
                  not equal `{"N":"6"}`. Also, `{"N":"6"}` does not equal
                  `{"NS":["6", "2", "1"]}`.
            + `LE` : Less than or equal. AttributeValueList can contain only one
                  AttributeValue of type String, Number, or Binary (not a set). If an
                  item contains an AttributeValue of a different type than the one
                  specified in the request, the value does not match. For example,
                  `{"S":"6"}` does not equal `{"N":"6"}`. Also, `{"N":"6"}` does not
                  compare to `{"NS":["6", "2", "1"]}`.
            + `LT` : Less than. AttributeValueList can contain only one
                  AttributeValue of type String, Number, or Binary (not a set). If an
                  item contains an AttributeValue of a different type than the one
                  specified in the request, the value does not match. For example,
                  `{"S":"6"}` does not equal `{"N":"6"}`. Also, `{"N":"6"}` does not
                  compare to `{"NS":["6", "2", "1"]}`.
            + `GE` : Greater than or equal. AttributeValueList can contain only one
                  AttributeValue of type String, Number, or Binary (not a set). If an
                  item contains an AttributeValue of a different type than the one
                  specified in the request, the value does not match. For example,
                  `{"S":"6"}` does not equal `{"N":"6"}`. Also, `{"N":"6"}` does not
                  compare to `{"NS":["6", "2", "1"]}`.
            + `GT` : Greater than. AttributeValueList can contain only one
                  AttributeValue of type String, Number, or Binary (not a set). If an
                  item contains an AttributeValue of a different type than the one
                  specified in the request, the value does not match. For example,
                  `{"S":"6"}` does not equal `{"N":"6"}`. Also, `{"N":"6"}` does not
                  compare to `{"NS":["6", "2", "1"]}`.
            + `BEGINS_WITH` : checks for a prefix. AttributeValueList can contain
                  only one AttributeValue of type String or Binary (not a Number or a
                  set). The target attribute of the comparison must be a String or
                  Binary (not a Number or a set).
            + `BETWEEN` : Greater than or equal to the first value, and less than
                  or equal to the second value. AttributeValueList must contain two
                  AttributeValue elements of the same type, either String, Number, or
                  Binary (not a set). A target attribute matches if the target value
                  is greater than, or equal to, the first element and less than, or
                  equal to, the second element. If an item contains an AttributeValue
                  of a different type than the one specified in the request, the
                  value does not match. For example, `{"S":"6"}` does not compare to
                  `{"N":"6"}`. Also, `{"N":"6"}` does not compare to `{"NS":["6",
                  "2", "1"]}`

        :type scan_index_forward: boolean
        :param scan_index_forward: Specifies ascending (true) or descending
            (false) traversal of the index. Amazon DynamoDB returns results
            reflecting the requested order determined by the range key. If the
            data type is Number, the results are returned in numeric order. For
            String, the results are returned in order of ASCII character code
            values. For Binary, Amazon DynamoDB treats each byte of the binary
            data as unsigned when it compares binary values.
        If ScanIndexForward is not specified, the results are returned in
            ascending order.

        :type exclusive_start_key: map
        :param exclusive_start_key: The primary key of the item from which to
            continue an earlier operation. An earlier operation might provide
            this value as the LastEvaluatedKey if that operation was
            interrupted before completion; either because of the result set
            size or because of the setting for Limit . The LastEvaluatedKey can
            be passed back in a new request to continue the operation from that
            point.
        The data type for ExclusiveStartKey must be String, Number or Binary.
            No set data types are allowed.

        :type return_consumed_capacity: string
        :param return_consumed_capacity:

        """
        params = {'TableName': table_name, }
        if index_name is not None:
            params['IndexName'] = index_name
        if select is not None:
            params['Select'] = select
        if attributes_to_get is not None:
            params['AttributesToGet'] = attributes_to_get
        if limit is not None:
            params['Limit'] = limit
        if consistent_read is not None:
            params['ConsistentRead'] = consistent_read
        if key_conditions is not None:
            params['KeyConditions'] = key_conditions
        if scan_index_forward is not None:
            params['ScanIndexForward'] = scan_index_forward
        if exclusive_start_key is not None:
            params['ExclusiveStartKey'] = exclusive_start_key
        if return_consumed_capacity is not None:
            params['ReturnConsumedCapacity'] = return_consumed_capacity
        return self.make_request(action='Query',
                                 body=json.dumps(params))

    def scan(self, table_name, attributes_to_get=None, limit=None,
             select=None, scan_filter=None, exclusive_start_key=None,
             return_consumed_capacity=None, total_segments=None,
             segment=None):
        """
        The Scan operation returns one or more items and item
        attributes by accessing every item in the table. To have
        Amazon DynamoDB return fewer items, you can provide a
        ScanFilter .

        If the total number of scanned items exceeds the maximum data
        set size limit of 1 MB, the scan stops and results are
        returned to the user with a LastEvaluatedKey to continue the
        scan in a subsequent operation. The results also include the
        number of items exceeding the limit. A scan can result in no
        table data meeting the filter criteria.

        The result set is eventually consistent.

        By default, Scan operations proceed sequentially; however, for
        faster performance on large tables, applications can perform a
        parallel Scan by specifying the Segment and TotalSegments
        parameters. For more information, see `Parallel Scan`_ in the
        Amazon DynamoDB Developer Guide .

        :type table_name: string
        :param table_name: The name of the table containing the requested
            items.

        :type attributes_to_get: list
        :param attributes_to_get: The names of one or more attributes to
            retrieve. If no attribute names are specified, then all attributes
            will be returned. If any of the requested attributes are not found,
            they will not appear in the result.

        :type limit: integer
        :param limit: The maximum number of items to evaluate (not necessarily
            the number of matching items). If Amazon DynamoDB processes the
            number of items up to the limit while processing the results, it
            stops the operation and returns the matching values up to that
            point, and a LastEvaluatedKey to apply in a subsequent operation,
            so that you can pick up where you left off. Also, if the processed
            data set size exceeds 1 MB before Amazon DynamoDB reaches this
            limit, it stops the operation and returns the matching values up to
            the limit, and a LastEvaluatedKey to apply in a subsequent
            operation to continue the operation. For more information see
            `Query and Scan`_ in the Amazon DynamoDB Developer Guide .

        :type select: string
        :param select: The attributes to be returned in the result. You can
            retrieve all item attributes, specific item attributes, the count
            of matching items, or in the case of an index, some or all of the
            attributes projected into the index.

        + `ALL_ATTRIBUTES`: Returns all of the item attributes. For a table,
              this is the default. For an index, this mode causes Amazon DynamoDB
              to fetch the full item from the table for each matching item in the
              index. If the index is configured to project all item attributes,
              the matching items will not be fetched from the table. Fetching
              items from the table incurs additional throughput cost and latency.
        + `ALL_PROJECTED_ATTRIBUTES`: Retrieves all attributes which have been
              projected into the index. If the index is configured to project all
              attributes, this is equivalent to specifying ALL_ATTRIBUTES .
        + `COUNT`: Returns the number of matching items, rather than the
              matching items themselves.
        + `SPECIFIC_ATTRIBUTES` : Returns only the attributes listed in
              AttributesToGet . This is equivalent to specifying AttributesToGet
              without specifying any value for Select . If you are querying an
              index and request only attributes that are projected into that
              index, the operation will read only the index and not the table. If
              any of the requested attributes are not projected into the index,
              Amazon DynamoDB will need to fetch each matching item from the
              table. This extra fetching incurs additional throughput cost and
              latency.


        When neither Select nor AttributesToGet are specified, Amazon DynamoDB
            defaults to `ALL_ATTRIBUTES` when accessing a table, and
            `ALL_PROJECTED_ATTRIBUTES` when accessing an index. You cannot use
            both Select and AttributesToGet together in a single request,
            unless the value for Select is `SPECIFIC_ATTRIBUTES`. (This usage
            is equivalent to specifying AttributesToGet without any value for
            Select .)

        :type scan_filter: map
        :param scan_filter:
        Evaluates the scan results and returns only the desired values.
            Multiple conditions are treated as "AND" operations: all conditions
            must be met to be included in the results.

        Each ScanConditions element consists of an attribute name to compare,
            along with the following:


        + AttributeValueList - One or more values to evaluate against the
              supplied attribute. This list contains exactly one value, except
              for a `BETWEEN` or `IN` comparison, in which case the list contains
              two values. For type Number, value comparisons are numeric. String
              value comparisons for greater than, equals, or less than are based
              on ASCII character code values. For example, `a` is greater than
              `A`, and `aa` is greater than `B`. For a list of code values, see
              `http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII#ASCII_printable_characters`_.
              For Binary, Amazon DynamoDB treats each byte of the binary data as
              unsigned when it compares binary values, for example when
              evaluating query expressions.
        + ComparisonOperator - A comparator for evaluating attributes. For
              example, equals, greater than, less than, etc. Valid comparison
              operators for Scan: `EQ | NE | LE | LT | GE | GT | NOT_NULL | NULL
              | CONTAINS | NOT_CONTAINS | BEGINS_WITH | IN | BETWEEN` For
              information on specifying data types in JSON, see `JSON Data
              Format`_ in the Amazon DynamoDB Developer Guide . The following are
              descriptions of each comparison operator.

            + `EQ` : Equal. AttributeValueList can contain only one AttributeValue
                  of type String, Number, or Binary (not a set). If an item contains
                  an AttributeValue of a different type than the one specified in the
                  request, the value does not match. For example, `{"S":"6"}` does
                  not equal `{"N":"6"}`. Also, `{"N":"6"}` does not equal
                  `{"NS":["6", "2", "1"]}`.
            + `NE` : Not equal. AttributeValueList can contain only one
                  AttributeValue of type String, Number, or Binary (not a set). If an
                  item contains an AttributeValue of a different type than the one
                  specified in the request, the value does not match. For example,
                  `{"S":"6"}` does not equal `{"N":"6"}`. Also, `{"N":"6"}` does not
                  equal `{"NS":["6", "2", "1"]}`.
            + `LE` : Less than or equal. AttributeValueList can contain only one
                  AttributeValue of type String, Number, or Binary (not a set). If an
                  item contains an AttributeValue of a different type than the one
                  specified in the request, the value does not match. For example,
                  `{"S":"6"}` does not equal `{"N":"6"}`. Also, `{"N":"6"}` does not
                  compare to `{"NS":["6", "2", "1"]}`.
            + `LT` : Less than. AttributeValueList can contain only one
                  AttributeValue of type String, Number, or Binary (not a set). If an
                  item contains an AttributeValue of a different type than the one
                  specified in the request, the value does not match. For example,
                  `{"S":"6"}` does not equal `{"N":"6"}`. Also, `{"N":"6"}` does not
                  compare to `{"NS":["6", "2", "1"]}`.
            + `GE` : Greater than or equal. AttributeValueList can contain only one
                  AttributeValue of type String, Number, or Binary (not a set). If an
                  item contains an AttributeValue of a different type than the one
                  specified in the request, the value does not match. For example,
                  `{"S":"6"}` does not equal `{"N":"6"}`. Also, `{"N":"6"}` does not
                  compare to `{"NS":["6", "2", "1"]}`.
            + `GT` : Greater than. AttributeValueList can contain only one
                  AttributeValue of type String, Number, or Binary (not a set). If an
                  item contains an AttributeValue of a different type than the one
                  specified in the request, the value does not match. For example,
                  `{"S":"6"}` does not equal `{"N":"6"}`. Also, `{"N":"6"}` does not
                  compare to `{"NS":["6", "2", "1"]}`.
            + `NOT_NULL` : The attribute exists.
            + `NULL` : The attribute does not exist.
            + `CONTAINS` : checks for a subsequence, or value in a set.
                  AttributeValueList can contain only one AttributeValue of type
                  String, Number, or Binary (not a set). If the target attribute of
                  the comparison is a String, then the operation checks for a
                  substring match. If the target attribute of the comparison is
                  Binary, then the operation looks for a subsequence of the target
                  that matches the input. If the target attribute of the comparison
                  is a set ("SS", "NS", or "BS"), then the operation checks for a
                  member of the set (not as a substring).
            + `NOT_CONTAINS` : checks for absence of a subsequence, or absence of a
                  value in a set. AttributeValueList can contain only one
                  AttributeValue of type String, Number, or Binary (not a set). If
                  the target attribute of the comparison is a String, then the
                  operation checks for the absence of a substring match. If the
                  target attribute of the comparison is Binary, then the operation
                  checks for the absence of a subsequence of the target that matches
                  the input. If the target attribute of the comparison is a set
                  ("SS", "NS", or "BS"), then the operation checks for the absence of
                  a member of the set (not as a substring).
            + `BEGINS_WITH` : checks for a prefix. AttributeValueList can contain
                  only one AttributeValue of type String or Binary (not a Number or a
                  set). The target attribute of the comparison must be a String or
                  Binary (not a Number or a set).
            + `IN` : checks for exact matches. AttributeValueList can contain more
                  than one AttributeValue of type String, Number, or Binary (not a
                  set). The target attribute of the comparison must be of the same
                  type and exact value to match. A String never matches a String set.
            + `BETWEEN` : Greater than or equal to the first value, and less than
                  or equal to the second value. AttributeValueList must contain two
                  AttributeValue elements of the same type, either String, Number, or
                  Binary (not a set). A target attribute matches if the target value
                  is greater than, or equal to, the first element and less than, or
                  equal to, the second element. If an item contains an AttributeValue
                  of a different type than the one specified in the request, the
                  value does not match. For example, `{"S":"6"}` does not compare to
                  `{"N":"6"}`. Also, `{"N":"6"}` does not compare to `{"NS":["6",
                  "2", "1"]}`

        :type exclusive_start_key: map
        :param exclusive_start_key: The primary key of the item from which to
            continue an earlier operation. An earlier operation might provide
            this value as the LastEvaluatedKey if that operation was
            interrupted before completion; either because of the result set
            size or because of the setting for Limit . The LastEvaluatedKey can
            be passed back in a new request to continue the operation from that
            point.
        The data type for ExclusiveStartKey must be String, Number or Binary.
            No set data types are allowed.

        If you are performing a parallel scan, the value of ExclusiveStartKey
            must fall into the key space of the Segment being scanned. For
            example, suppose that there are two application threads scanning a
            table using the following Scan parameters


        + Thread 0: Segment =0; TotalSegments =2
        + Thread 1: Segment =1; TotalSegments =2


        Now suppose that the Scan request for Thread 0 completed and returned a
            LastEvaluatedKey of "X". Because "X" is part of Segment 0's key
            space, it cannot be used anywhere else in the table. If Thread 1
            were to issue another Scan request with an ExclusiveStartKey of
            "X", Amazon DynamoDB would throw an InputValidationError because
            hash key "X" cannot be in Segment 1.

        :type return_consumed_capacity: string
        :param return_consumed_capacity:

        :type total_segments: integer
        :param total_segments: For parallel Scan requests, TotalSegments
            represents the total number of segments for a table that is being
            scanned. Segments are a way to logically divide a table into
            equally sized portions, for the duration of the Scan request. The
            value of TotalSegments corresponds to the number of application
            "workers" (such as threads or processes) that will perform the
            parallel Scan . For example, if you want to scan a table using four
            application threads, you would specify a TotalSegments value of 4.
        The value for TotalSegments must be greater than or equal to 1, and
            less than or equal to 4096. If you specify a TotalSegments value of
            1, the Scan will be sequential rather than parallel.

        If you specify TotalSegments , you must also specify Segment .

        :type segment: integer
        :param segment: For parallel Scan requests, Segment identifies an
            individual segment to be scanned by an application "worker" (such
            as a thread or a process). Each worker issues a Scan request with a
            distinct value for the segment it will scan.
        Segment IDs are zero-based, so the first segment is always 0. For
            example, if you want to scan a table using four application
            threads, the first thread would specify a Segment value of 0, the
            second thread would specify 1, and so on.

        The value for Segment must be greater than or equal to 0, and less than
            the value provided for TotalSegments .

        If you specify Segment , you must also specify TotalSegments .

        """
        params = {'TableName': table_name, }
        if attributes_to_get is not None:
            params['AttributesToGet'] = attributes_to_get
        if limit is not None:
            params['Limit'] = limit
        if select is not None:
            params['Select'] = select
        if scan_filter is not None:
            params['ScanFilter'] = scan_filter
        if exclusive_start_key is not None:
            params['ExclusiveStartKey'] = exclusive_start_key
        if return_consumed_capacity is not None:
            params['ReturnConsumedCapacity'] = return_consumed_capacity
        if total_segments is not None:
            params['TotalSegments'] = total_segments
        if segment is not None:
            params['Segment'] = segment
        return self.make_request(action='Scan',
                                 body=json.dumps(params))

    def update_item(self, table_name, key, attribute_updates=None,
                    expected=None, return_values=None,
                    return_consumed_capacity=None,
                    return_item_collection_metrics=None):
        """
        Edits an existing item's attributes, or inserts a new item if
        it does not already exist. You can put, delete, or add
        attribute values. You can also perform a conditional update
        (insert a new attribute name-value pair if it doesn't exist,
        or replace an existing name-value pair if it has certain
        expected attribute values).

        In addition to updating an item, you can also return the
        item's attribute values in the same operation, using the
        ReturnValues parameter.

        :type table_name: string
        :param table_name: The name of the table containing the item to update.

        :type key: map
        :param key: The primary key that defines the item. Each element
            consists of an attribute name and a value for that attribute.

        :type attribute_updates: map
        :param attribute_updates: The names of attributes to be modified, the
            action to perform on each, and the new value for each. If you are
            updating an attribute that is an index key attribute for any
            indexes on that table, the attribute type must match the index key
            type defined in the AttributesDefinition of the table description.
            You can use UpdateItem to update any non-key attributes.
        Attribute values cannot be null. String and binary type attributes must
            have lengths greater than zero. Set type attributes must not be
            empty. Requests with empty values will be rejected with a
            ValidationException .

        Each AttributeUpdates element consists of an attribute name to modify,
            along with the following:


        + Value - The new value, if applicable, for this attribute.
        + Action - Specifies how to perform the update. Valid values for Action
              are `PUT`, `DELETE`, and `ADD`. The behavior depends on whether the
              specified primary key already exists in the table. **If an item
              with the specified Key is found in the table:**

            + `PUT` - Adds the specified attribute to the item. If the attribute
                  already exists, it is replaced by the new value.
            + `DELETE` - If no value is specified, the attribute and its value are
                  removed from the item. The data type of the specified value must
                  match the existing value's data type. If a set of values is
                  specified, then those values are subtracted from the old set. For
                  example, if the attribute value was the set `[a,b,c]` and the
                  DELETE action specified `[a,c]`, then the final attribute value
                  would be `[b]`. Specifying an empty set is an error.
            + `ADD` - If the attribute does not already exist, then the attribute
                  and its values are added to the item. If the attribute does exist,
                  then the behavior of `ADD` depends on the data type of the
                  attribute:

                + If the existing attribute is a number, and if Value is also a number,
                      then the Value is mathematically added to the existing attribute.
                      If Value is a negative number, then it is subtracted from the
                      existing attribute. If you use `ADD` to increment or decrement a
                      number value for an item that doesn't exist before the update,
                      Amazon DynamoDB uses 0 as the initial value. In addition, if you
                      use `ADD` to update an existing item, and intend to increment or
                      decrement an attribute value which does not yet exist, Amazon
                      DynamoDB uses `0` as the initial value. For example, suppose that
                      the item you want to update does not yet have an attribute named
                      itemcount , but you decide to `ADD` the number `3` to this
                      attribute anyway, even though it currently does not exist. Amazon
                      DynamoDB will create the itemcount attribute, set its initial value
                      to `0`, and finally add `3` to it. The result will be a new
                      itemcount attribute in the item, with a value of `3`.
                + If the existing data type is a set, and if the Value is also a set,
                      then the Value is added to the existing set. (This is a set
                      operation, not mathematical addition.) For example, if the
                      attribute value was the set `[1,2]`, and the `ADD` action specified
                      `[3]`, then the final attribute value would be `[1,2,3]`. An error
                      occurs if an Add action is specified for a set attribute and the
                      attribute type specified does not match the existing set type. Both
                      sets must have the same primitive data type. For example, if the
                      existing data type is a set of strings, the Value must also be a
                      set of strings. The same holds true for number sets and binary
                      sets.
              This action is only valid for an existing attribute whose data type is
                  number or is a set. Do not use `ADD` for any other data types.
          **If no item with the specified Key is found:**

            + `PUT` - Amazon DynamoDB creates a new item with the specified primary
                  key, and then adds the attribute.
            + `DELETE` - Nothing happens; there is no attribute to delete.
            + `ADD` - Amazon DynamoDB creates an item with the supplied primary key
                  and number (or set of numbers) for the attribute value. The only
                  data types allowed are number and number set; no other data types
                  can be specified.



        If you specify any attributes that are part of an index key, then the
            data types for those attributes must match those of the schema in
            the table's attribute definition.

        :type expected: map
        :param expected: A map of attribute/condition pairs. This is the
            conditional block for the UpdateItem operation. All the conditions
            must be met for the operation to succeed.
        Expected allows you to provide an attribute name, and whether or not
            Amazon DynamoDB should check to see if the attribute value already
            exists; or if the attribute value exists and has a particular value
            before changing it.

        Each item in Expected represents an attribute name for Amazon DynamoDB
            to check, along with the following:


        + Value - The attribute value for Amazon DynamoDB to check.
        + Exists - Causes Amazon DynamoDB to evaluate the value before
              attempting a conditional operation:

            + If Exists is `True`, Amazon DynamoDB will check to see if that
                  attribute value already exists in the table. If it is found, then
                  the operation succeeds. If it is not found, the operation fails
                  with a ConditionalCheckFailedException .
            + If Exists is `False`, Amazon DynamoDB assumes that the attribute
                  value does not exist in the table. If in fact the value does not
                  exist, then the assumption is valid and the operation succeeds. If
                  the value is found, despite the assumption that it does not exist,
                  the operation fails with a ConditionalCheckFailedException .
          The default setting for Exists is `True`. If you supply a Value all by
              itself, Amazon DynamoDB assumes the attribute exists: You don't
              have to set Exists to `True`, because it is implied. Amazon
              DynamoDB returns a ValidationException if:

            + Exists is `True` but there is no Value to check. (You expect a value
                  to exist, but don't specify what that value is.)
            + Exists is `False` but you also specify a Value . (You cannot expect
                  an attribute to have a value, while also expecting it not to
                  exist.)



        If you specify more than one condition for Exists , then all of the
            conditions must evaluate to true. (In other words, the conditions
            are ANDed together.) Otherwise, the conditional operation will
            fail.

        :type return_values: string
        :param return_values:
        Use ReturnValues if you want to get the item attributes as they
            appeared either before or after they were updated. For UpdateItem ,
            the valid values are:


        + `NONE` - If ReturnValues is not specified, or if its value is `NONE`,
              then nothing is returned. (This is the default for ReturnValues .)
        + `ALL_OLD` - If UpdateItem overwrote an attribute name-value pair,
              then the content of the old item is returned.
        + `UPDATED_OLD` - The old versions of only the updated attributes are
              returned.
        + `ALL_NEW` - All of the attributes of the new version of the item are
              returned.
        + `UPDATED_NEW` - The new versions of only the updated attributes are
              returned.

        :type return_consumed_capacity: string
        :param return_consumed_capacity:

        :type return_item_collection_metrics: string
        :param return_item_collection_metrics: If set to `SIZE`, statistics
            about item collections, if any, that were modified during the
            operation are returned in the response. If set to `NONE` (the
            default), no statistics are returned..

        """
        params = {'TableName': table_name, 'Key': key, }
        if attribute_updates is not None:
            params['AttributeUpdates'] = attribute_updates
        if expected is not None:
            params['Expected'] = expected
        if return_values is not None:
            params['ReturnValues'] = return_values
        if return_consumed_capacity is not None:
            params['ReturnConsumedCapacity'] = return_consumed_capacity
        if return_item_collection_metrics is not None:
            params['ReturnItemCollectionMetrics'] = return_item_collection_metrics
        return self.make_request(action='UpdateItem',
                                 body=json.dumps(params))

    def update_table(self, table_name, provisioned_throughput):
        """
        Updates the provisioned throughput for the given table.
        Setting the throughput for a table helps you manage
        performance and is part of the provisioned throughput feature
        of Amazon DynamoDB.

        The provisioned throughput values can be upgraded or
        downgraded based on the maximums and minimums listed in the
        `Limits`_ section in the Amazon DynamoDB Developer Guide .

        The table must be in the `ACTIVE` state for this operation to
        succeed. UpdateTable is an asynchronous operation; while
        executing the operation, the table is in the `UPDATING` state.
        While the table is in the `UPDATING` state, the table still
        has the provisioned throughput from before the call. The new
        provisioned throughput setting is in effect only when the
        table returns to the `ACTIVE` state after the UpdateTable
        operation.

        You cannot add, modify or delete local secondary indexes using
        UpdateTable . Local secondary indexes can only be defined at
        table creation time.

        :type table_name: string
        :param table_name: The name of the table to be updated.

        :type provisioned_throughput: dict
        :param provisioned_throughput:

        """
        params = {
            'TableName': table_name,
            'ProvisionedThroughput': provisioned_throughput,
        }
        return self.make_request(action='UpdateTable',
                                 body=json.dumps(params))

    def make_request(self, action, body):
        headers = {
            'X-Amz-Target': '%s.%s' % (self.TargetPrefix, action),
            'Host': self.host,
            'Content-Type': 'application/x-amz-json-1.0',
            'Content-Length': str(len(body)),
        }
        http_request = self.build_base_http_request(
            method='POST', path='/', auth_path='/', params={},
            headers=headers, data=body, host=self.host)
        response = self._mexe(http_request, sender=None,
                              override_num_retries=self.NumberRetries,
                              retry_handler=self._retry_handler)
        response_body = response.read()
        boto.log.debug(response_body)
        if response.status == 200:
            if response_body:
                return json.loads(response_body)
        else:
            json_body = json.loads(response_body)
            fault_name = json_body.get('__type', None)
            exception_class = self._faults.get(fault_name, self.ResponseError)
            raise exception_class(response.status, response.reason,
                                  body=json_body)

    def _retry_handler(self, response, i, next_sleep):
        status = None
        boto.log.debug("Saw HTTP status: %s" % response.status)
        if response.status == 400:
            response_body = response.read()
            boto.log.debug(response_body)
            data = json.loads(response_body)
            if 'ProvisionedThroughputExceededException' in data.get('__type'):
                self.throughput_exceeded_events += 1
                msg = "%s, retry attempt %s" % (
                    'ProvisionedThroughputExceededException',
                    i
                )
                next_sleep = self._exponential_time(i)
                i += 1
                status = (msg, i, next_sleep)
                if i == self.NumberRetries:
                    # If this was our last retry attempt, raise
                    # a specific error saying that the throughput
                    # was exceeded.
                    raise exceptions.ProvisionedThroughputExceededException(
                        response.status, response.reason, data)
            elif 'ConditionalCheckFailedException' in data.get('__type'):
                raise exceptions.ConditionalCheckFailedException(
                    response.status, response.reason, data)
            elif 'ValidationException' in data.get('__type'):
                raise exceptions.ValidationException(
                    response.status, response.reason, data)
            else:
                raise self.ResponseError(response.status, response.reason,
                                         data)
        expected_crc32 = response.getheader('x-amz-crc32')
        if self._validate_checksums and expected_crc32 is not None:
            boto.log.debug('Validating crc32 checksum for body: %s',
                           response.read())
            actual_crc32 = crc32(response.read()) & 0xffffffff
            expected_crc32 = int(expected_crc32)
            if actual_crc32 != expected_crc32:
                msg = ("The calculated checksum %s did not match the expected "
                       "checksum %s" % (actual_crc32, expected_crc32))
                status = (msg, i + 1, self._exponential_time(i))
        return status

    def _exponential_time(self, i):
        if i == 0:
            next_sleep = 0
        else:
            next_sleep = 0.05 * (2 ** i)
        return next_sleep
